Page 168 - Manufacturing Engineering and Technology - Kalpakjian, Serope : Schmid, Steven R.

TABLE 5.8
Typical Tool and Die Materials for Metalworking Processes
Process Material
Die casting H13, PZO
Powder metallurgy
Punches AZ, 57, DZ, D3, M2
Dies wc, DZ, M2
Molds for plastics and rubber s1, o1, AZ, D2, ers, 6P6, Pe, PZO, P21, H13
Hot forging 6122, eo, H11, H12
Hot extrusion H11, H12, H13, H21
Cold heading W1, w2, M1, M2, DZ, wc
Cold extrusion
Punches AZ, DZ, MZ, M4
Dies Ol, W1, AZ, DZ
Coming 52100, W1, o1, AZ, DZ, D3, D4, H11, H12, H13
Drawing
Wire WC, diamond
Shapes WC, DZ, MZ
Bar and tubing WC, W1, DZ
Rolls
Rolling Cast iron, cast steel, forged steel, WC
Thread rolling AZ, DZ, MZ
Shear spinning AZ, DZ, D3
Sheet metals
Shearing
Cold DZ, AZ, A9, SZ, S5, S7
Hof H11, H12, H13
Pressworking Zinc alloys, 4140 steel, cast iron, epoxy composites,
AZ, DZ, O1
Deep drawing W1, Ol, cast iron, AZ, DZ
Machining Carbides, high-speed steels, ceramics, diamond,
cubic boron nitride
Notes: Tool and die materials usually are hardened 55 to 65 HRC for cold working and 30 to 55 HRC
for hot working. Tool and die steels contain one or more of the following major alloying elements:
chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and vanadium. (For further details, see the bibliography at the end
of this chapter.)

SUMMARY

° The major categories of ferrous metals and alloys are carbon steels, alloy steels,
stainless steels, and tool and die steels. Their wide range of properties, availability,
and generally low cost have made them among the most useful of all metallic
materials.
° Steelmaking processes have been improved upon continuously, notably by the
continuous-casting and secondary-refining techniques. These advances have re-
sulted in higher quality steels and in higher efficiency and productivity.
° Carbon steels generally are classified as low-carbon (mild steel), medium-carbon,
and high-carbon steels. Alloy steels contain a variety of alloying elements, partic-
ularly chromium, nickel, and molybdenum.
° High-strength low-alloy steels have a low carbon content and consist of fine-
grained ferrite as one phase and a second phase of martensite and austenite.