Page 169 - Manufacturing Engineering and Technology - Kalpakjian, Serope : Schmid, Steven R.

|48 Chapter 5 Ferrous Metals and Alloys: Production, General Properties, and Applications

Micro- and nanoalloyed steels are fine-grained, high-strength low-alloy steels
that provide superior properties Without heat treatment.
° Stainless steels have chromium as a major alloying element; they are called stain-
less because they form a passivating chromium oxide layer on their surface.
Stainless steels generally are classified as austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, and pre-
cipitation-hardening steels.
° Tool and die steels are among the most important materials and are used Widely
in casting, forming, and machining operations for both metallic and nonmetallic
materials. They generally consist of high-speed steels (molybdenum and tungsten
types), hot- and cold-Work steels, and shock-resisting steels.

KEY TERMS

Alloy steels Electric furnace Open-hearth furnace Steel
Basic-oxygen furnace High-strength low-alloy steels TWIP steels Strand casting
Blast furnace Ingot Pig iron Tool and die steels
Carbon steels Killed steel Refining Trace elements
Complex-phase steels Martensitic steel Rimmed steel TRIP steels
Continuous casting Microalloyed steels Semikilled steel l WIP steels
Dual-phase steels Nanoalloyed steels Stainless steels

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ASM Handbook, Vol. 1: Properties and Selection: Iron, Steels, Cardelli, F., Materials Handbook: A Concise Desk Reference,
and High-Performance Alloys, ASM International, 1990. 2nd ed., Springer, 2008.
ASM Specialty Handbook: Carbon and Alloy Steels, ASM Llewellyn, D.T., and Hudd, R.C., Steels: Metallurgy and
International, 1995. Applications, 3rd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.
ASM Specialty Handbook: Stainless Steels, ASM International, McGuire, M.F., Stainless Steels for Design Engineers, ASM
1994. International, 2008.
ASM Specialty Handbook: Tool Materials, ASM International, Reed, C., The Superalloys: Fundamentals and Applications,
Cambridge University Press, 2008.
1995 _
Beddoes, ]., and Parr, ].G., Introduction to Stainless Steels, Roberts, G.A., Krauss, G., and Kennedy, R., Tool Steels,
3rd ed., ASM International, 1999. 5th ed., ASM International, 1998.
Bhadeshia, H., and Honeycombe, R., Steels: Microstructure Schneider, W., Continuous Casting, Wiley, 2006.
and Properties, 3rd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006. Totten, G.E., Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and
Bryson, WE., Heat Treatment, Selection and Application of Technologies, 2nd ed., CRC Press, 2006.
Tool Steels, 2nd ed., Hanser Gardner, 2005.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

5.l. What are the major categories of ferrous alloys? 5.6. What advantages does continuous casting have over
5.2. List the basic raw materials used in making iron and casting into ingots?
steel, and explain their functions. 5.7. Name the four alloying elements that have the greatest
5.3. List the types of furnaces commonly used in steelmak- effect on the properties of steels.
ing, and describe their characteristics. 5.8. What are trace elements?
5.4. List and explain the characteristics of the types of steel 5.9. What are the percentage carbon contents of low-
ingots. carbon, medium-carbon, and high-carbon steels?
5.5. What does rejqning mean? How is it done? 5.I0. How do stainless steels become stainless?