Page 17 - Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction

Contents

LIST OF SYMBOLS xxi Equation Summary 46
List of Symbols 46
1. Introduction 1 Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance
Learning Objectives 2 Summary 47
1.1 Historical Perspective 2 Important Terms and Concepts 47
1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 2 References 47
Questions and Problems 48
1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and
Engineering? 4 Problems 50
Case Study—Liberty Ship Failures 5
1.4 Classification of Materials 6
Case Study—Carbonated Beverage 3. The Structure of Crystalline Solids 51
Containers 11 Learning Objectives 52
1.5 Advanced Materials 12 3.1 Introduction 52
1.6 Modern Materials’ Needs 14
1.7 Processing/Structure/Properties/ CRYSTAL STRUCTURES 52
Performance Correlations 15 3.2 Fundamental Concepts 52
Summary 17 3.3 Unit Cells 53
References 17 3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures 54
Questions 18 3.5 Density Computations 60
3.6 Polymorphism and Allotropy 60
2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Materials of Importance—Tin (Its
Bonding 19 Allotropic Transformation) 61
3.7 Crystal Systems 62
Learning Objectives 20
2.1 Introduction 20 CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC POINTS, DIRECTIONS, AND
PLANES 64
ATOMIC STRUCTURE 20
3.8 Point Coordinates 64
2.2 Fundamental Concepts 20 3.9 Crystallographic Directions 67
2.3 Electrons in Atoms 22 3.10 Crystallographic Planes 75
2.4 The Periodic Table 28 3.11 Linear and Planar Densities 81
ATOMIC BONDING IN SOLIDS 30 3.12 Close-Packed Crystal Structures 82
2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 30 CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE
2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 32 MATERIALS 84
2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals 3.13 Single Crystals 84
Bonding 39 3.14 Polycrystalline Materials 84
Materials of Importance—Water (Its 3.15 Anisotropy 86
Volume Expansion Upon Freezing) 42 3.16 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of
2.8 Mixed Bonding 43 Crystal Structures 87
2.9 Molecules 44 3.17 Noncrystalline Solids 92
2.10 Bonding Type-Materials Classification Summary 93
Correlations 44 Equation Summary 95
Summary 45 List of Symbols 96

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