Page 20 - Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction

xvi • Contents

References 349 11.5 Casting 436
Questions and Problems 349 11.6 Miscellaneous Techniques 437
Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and
THERMAL PROCESSING OF METALS 439
Problems 355
11.7 Annealing Processes 439
10. Phase Transformations: Development 11.8 Heat Treatment of Steels 441
of Microstructure and Alteration of 11.9 Precipitation Hardening 451
Mechanical Properties 356 Summary 458
Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance
Learning Objectives 357 Summary 460
10.1 Introduction 357 Important Terms and Concepts 460
References 463
PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS 357
Questions and Problems 463
10.2 Basic Concepts 357 Design Problems 464
10.3 The Kinetics of Phase Transformations 358 Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and
10.4 Metastable Versus Equilibrium States 369 Problems 466
MICROSTRUCTURAL AND PROPERTY CHANGES IN
IRON–CARBON ALLOYS 370 12. Structures and Properties of
10.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams 370 Ceramics 467
10.6 Continuous-Cooling Transformation Learning Objectives 468
Diagrams 381 12.1 Introduction 468
10.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron–Carbon
Alloys 384 CERAMIC STRUCTURES 468
10.8 Tempered Martensite 388 12.2 Crystal Structures 469
10.9 Review of Phase Transformations and 12.3 Silicate Ceramics 477
Mechanical Properties for Iron–Carbon 12.4 Carbon 481
Alloys 391 12.5 Imperfections in Ceramics 482
Materials of Importance—Shape-Memory 12.6 Diffusion in Ionic Materials 486
Alloys 394 12.7 Ceramic Phase Diagrams 487
Summary 397
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 490
Equation Summary 398
List of Symbols 399 12.8 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics 491
Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance 12.9 Stress–Strain Behavior 495
Summary 399 12.10 Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation 497
Important Terms and Concepts 401 12.11 Miscellaneous Mechanical
References 402 Considerations 499
Questions and Problems 402 Summary 501
Design Problems 406 Equation Summary 503
Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and List of Symbols 503
Problems 406 Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance
Summary 503
11. Applications and Processing Important Terms and Concepts 504
of Metal Alloys 408 References 505
Questions and Problems 505
Learning Objectives 409 Design Problems 509
11.1 Introduction 409 Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and
TYPES OF METAL ALLOYS 410 Problems 509
11.2 Ferrous Alloys 410
11.3 Nonferrous Alloys 422 13. Applications and Processing of
Materials of Importance—Metal Alloys Ceramics 510
Used for Euro Coins 433 Learning Objectives 511

FABRICATION OF METALS 434 13.1 Introduction 511
11.4 Forming Operations 434 TYPES AND APPLICATIONS OF CERAMICS 512