Page 18 - Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction

xiv • Contents

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance 5.7 Other Diffusion Paths 158
Summary 96 Summary 158
Important Terms and Concepts 97 Equation Summary 159
References 97 List of Symbols 160
Questions and Problems 97 Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance
Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Summary 160
Problems 104 Important Terms and Concepts 162
References 162
4. Imperfections in Solids 105 Questions and Problems 162
Design Problems 166
Learning Objectives 106 Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and
4.1 Introduction 106 Problems 167

POINT DEFECTS 106
4.2 Vacancies and Self-Interstitials 106 6. Mechanical Properties of Metals 168
4.3 Impurities in Solids 108 Learning Objectives 169
4.4 Specification of Composition 111 6.1 Introduction 169

MISCELLANEOUS IMPERFECTIONS 115 6.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain 170
4.5 Dislocations—Linear Defects 115 ELASTIC DEFORMATION 174
4.6 Interfacial Defects 118 6.3 Stress–Strain Behavior 174
Materials of Importance—Catalysts (and 6.4 Anelasticity 177
Surface Defects) 121 6.5 Elastic Properties of Materials 177
4.7 Bulk or Volume Defects 122
4.8 Atomic Vibrations 122 PLASTIC DEFORMATION 180
6.6 Tensile Properties 180
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION 123
6.7 True Stress and Strain 187
4.9 Basic Concepts of Microscopy 123 6.8 Elastic Recovery After Plastic
4.10 Microscopic Techniques 124 Deformation 190
4.11 Grain-Size Determination 128 6.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsional
Summary 131 Deformation 191
Equation Summary 132 6.10 Hardness 191
List of Symbols 133
PROPERTY VARIABILITY AND DESIGN/SAFETY
Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance
FACTORS 197
Summary 134
Important Terms and Concepts 135 6.11 Variability of Material Properties 197
References 135 6.12 Design/Safety Factors 199
Questions and Problems 135 Summary 203
Design Problems 138 Equation Summary 205
Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and List of Symbols 205
Problems 139 Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance
Summary 206
5. Diffusion 140 Important Terms and Concepts 206
References 207
Learning Objectives 141 Questions and Problems 207
5.1 Introduction 141 Design Problems 213
5.2 Diffusion Mechanisms 142 Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and
5.3 Fick’s First Law 143 Problems 214
5.4 Fick’s Second Law—Nonsteady-State
Diffusion 145 7. Dislocations and Strengthening
5.5 Factors That Influence Diffusion 149 Mechanisms 216
5.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting
Materials 154 Learning Objectives 217
Material of Importance—Aluminum for 7.1 Introduction 217
Integrated Circuit Interconnects 157 DISLOCATIONS AND PLASTIC DEFORMATION 217