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160   Ch a p t e r  Fiv e


              The thickness of the lines shows the magnitude of the forces. Clearly, tensile forces are
              distributed in a very complicated pattern between the contacts.

              5.6.4 Anisotropy
              From Section 5.3.9, it is clear that even if the two constituents are isotropic, the thus
              formed mixture is no longer isotropic. The anisotropic property may have significant
              implications to pavement analysis and design. Chapter 12 will focus on the anisotropic
              properties of AC.


        Suggested Readings
              Sections 5.2 and 5.3 are based on the teaching notes of the author. These notes are pre-
              pared following the presentations from two excellent books by Nemat-Nasser and Hori
              (1999) and Qu and Ckerkaoui (2006). If readers need more backgrounds, please read
              these books. For convenience and connections, the symbols adopted in these two sec-
              tions are consistent with those used in these books. The author would like to take this
              opportunity to express his appreciations of Dr. Qu for his inspiring lectures that at-
              tracted him into the research and study of micromechanics.


        References
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              Arduino, P. (1996). Multiphase description of deforming porous media by the finite element method.
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              Bear, J. (1972). Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media. Dover, New York.
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              Braz, D., Da Motta, L.M.G. and Lopes, R.T. (1999). Computed tomography in the fatigue test
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