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84 Membranes for Industrial Wastewater Recovery and Re-use
Jan-01 Mar-01 May-01 Jul-01 Sep-01 Nov-01
Ammonia ----- .. Orthophosphate
Figure 3.6 Seasonal variations in ammonia (NH4-N) and orthophosphate (P04-P) for a reclaimed water
without nutrient removal (data from St. Petersburg. Florida)
600
2 400
8-
E
* Jan-01 Mar-01 May-01 0Jul-01 Sep-01 Nov-01 ° ~
0
Date
Figure 3.7 Seasonal variations in chloride levels for a reclaimed water (data from St. Petersburg, Florida)
water. For cooling water applications, the presence of this residual disinfectant
can act as a biocide and help to prevent biological fouling of the cooling system.
There is also little seasonal variation in total residual chlorine (Fig. 3.10),
provided chlorine is automatically dosed on demand through feedback control.
Chlorine levels associated with reclaimed water thus depend on the operating
practices of a given facility and, therefore, may differ from the trends shown in
Fig. 3.10. In cases where disinfection is accomplished using ultraviolet (UV)
irradiation or ozonation, residual disinfectants will not be present in the
reclaimed water (Levine etal., 2002).
