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40 MEMS MATERIALS AND THEIR PREPARATION
Table 3.3 The first six shells of the periodic table in
which electron-electron interaction is significant
Shell Subshell Electrons Total number
or orbital in subshell of electrons
K Is 2 2
L 2s 2
2p 6 10
M 3s 2
3p 6 18
N 4s 2
3d 10
4p 6 36
0 5s 2
4d 10
5p 6 54
P 6s 2
4f 14
5d 10
6p 6 86
A-,
'\ / \
Increasing energy
Figure 3.2 Energy scheme for different atomic shells and orbitals
3.1.2 Atomic Bonding
Materials are composed of elements that are connected to each other at the atomic level.
The connections between elements in a material are known as bonds. The properties and
applications of materials depend upon the nature and strength of the bond. There are
several different types of bond and these are described briefly in the following text.
