Page 11 - Modern Optical Engineering The Design of Optical Systems

Contents ix

Chapter 15. Wave-Front Aberrations and MTF 365
15.1 Introduction 365
15.2 Optical Path Difference: Focus Shift 366
15.3 Optical Path Difference: Spherical Aberration 367
15.4 Aberration Tolerances 373
15.5 Image Energy Distribution (Geometric) 379
15.6 Spread Functions—Point and Line 380
15.7 Geometric Spot Size Due to Spherical Aberration 381
15.8 The Modulation Transfer Function 385
15.9 Square-Wave vs. Sine-Wave Targets 391
15.10 Special Modulation Transfer Functions:
Diffraction-Limited Systems 392
15.11 Radial Energy Distribution 401
15.12 Point Spread Functions for the Primary Aberrations 402
Bibliography 407
Exercises 408

Chapter 16. The Basics of Lens Design 409
16.1 Introduction 409
16.2 The Simple Meniscus Camera Lens 411
16.3 The Symmetrical Principle 417
16.4 Achromatic Telescope Objectives (Thin-Lens Theory) 417
16.5 Achromatic Telescope Objectives (Design Forms) 421
16.6 The Diffractive Surface in Lens Design 430
16.7 The Cooke Triplet Anastigmat: Third-Order Theory 435
16.8 Automatic Design by Electronic Computer 446
16.9 Practical Considerations 451
Bibliography 453
Exercises 454
Chapter 17. Lens Design for Eyepieces, Microscopes, Cameras, etc. 457
17.1 Telescope Systems and Eyepieces 457
17.2 Microscope Objectives 466
17.3 Photographic Objectives 473
17.4 Condenser Systems 494
17.5 Aberration Characteristics of Simple Lenses 498
Bibliography 501
Exercises 501
Chapter 18. Design of Mirror and Catadioptric Systems 503
18.1 Reflecting Systems 503
18.2 The Spherical Mirror 503
18.3 The Paraboloid Reflector 506
18.4 The Ellipsoid and Hyperboloid 507
18.5 Equations for Two-Mirror Systems 508
18.6 Conic Section through the Origin 513
18.7 The Schmidt System 515