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Metal-based semiconductor nanomaterials for thin-film solar cells 159

PSUMCL SEI 3.0kV X140,000 WD 4.4mm 100nm PSUMCL SEI 3.0kV X25,000 WD 3.9mm 1µm

500 nm 400 nm

500 nm 500 nm
Fig. 8.4 (A, B) Vertically oriented TiO 2 NW/NR arrays were fabricated on TCO glassed by
hydrothermal method. (A, B) FE-SEM images of highly ordered TiO 2 NW arrays grown on
FTO glass at 180°C for 24 h. FE-SEM images of vertically oriented rutile TiO 2 NR arrays
grown directly on FTO glass at 150°C for 18 h with different amounts of titanium butoxide:
(C) 0.5 mL, (D) 0.75 mL, (E) 0.85 mL, and (F) 1 mL of titanium butoxide.
A, B: Reprinted with permission from X. Feng et al., Vertically aligned single crystal TiO 2
nanowire arrays grown directly on transparent conducting oxide coated glass: synthesis
details and applications. Nano Lett. 8 (2008) 3781–3786. Copyright 2011, ACS Publications;
C–F: Reprinted with permission from A. Kumar, A.R. Madaria, C. Zhou, Growth of aligned
single-crystalline rutile TiO 2 nanowires on arbitrary substrates and their application in
dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 114 (2010) 7787–7792. Copyright 2012, ACS
Publications.