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174 Multifunctional Photocatalytic Materials for Energy

Fig. 8.16 (A) Electromagnetic simulation of the TiO 2 cylinder system on Ti substrate; (B)
TiO 2 cone system, displayed like (A) and (C) differentials; (D) the spectral absorption profiles
for the cylinders (blue) and cones (orange) resemble the experimental IPCE curves.
Reprinted with permission from S. So, A. Kriesch, U. Peschel, P. Schmuki, Conical-shaped
titania nanotubes for optimized light management in DSSCs reach back-side illumination
efficiencies > 8%. J. Mater. Chem. A 3 (2015) 12603–12608.

which was unprecedented for tube-like structures in DSSCs. Although the “top-town”
method can fabricate highly ordered TiO 2 NTs on transparent substrates, fabrication
processes involving magnetron sputtering and anodic oxidation were not suitable for
mass production; moreover, it was not easy to get the point where the Ti film was
transformed exactly into TiO 2 NTs. In this context, another “bottom-up” strategy was
used to fabricate TiO 2 NTs in solution. Bin Liu et al. developed a facile, hydrothermal