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Metal-based semiconductor nanomaterials for thin-film solar cells 179

Fig. 8.20 (A) SEM images of Na-TNT, (B) Na-UTMS, (C) and (D) lower and higher SEM
images of H-UTMS, (E) and (F) TEM and HRTEM images of H-UTMS.
Reprinted with permission from J. Li et al., Nanotube-based hierarchical titanate
microspheres: an improved anode structure for Li-ion batteries. Chem. Commun. 48 (2012)
389. Copyright 2012, The Royal Society of Chemistry Publications.

process occurred, with inner microspheres as a reservoir of Ti species under solvo-
thermal conditions.

8.4.3.4 Self-assembly strategy
TiO 2 nanocrystals can assemble into three-dimensional colloidal spheres through a
bottom-up self-assembly strategy [95,96].