Page 133 - Book Hosokawa Nanoparticle Technology Handbook

2.7 NANOTUBES (CNT) FUNDAMENTALS
2.6.4 Pharmaceutical nanotechnology [13] H. Takeuchi, H. Kojima, H. Yamamoto and
Y. Kawashima: J. Control. Rel., 68, 195–205 (2000).
Generally, the definition of nanotechnology means the [14] H. Takeuchi, H. Kojima, H. Yamamoto and
optional control of molecules and atoms, finer than Y. Kawashima: J. Control. Rel., 75, 83–91 (2001).
nanometer size, and the control of their conformation [15] H. Takeuchi, H. Kojima, H. Yamamoto and
in nanoorder. So far, the pharmaceutical industry has
oriented to the manufacture in molecule level. Y. Kawashima: Pharm. Pharmacol. Commun., 5,
Historically, we can say that the base of pharmaceuti- 445–448 (1999).
cal research is nanotechnology. In a dosage-form [16] H. Takeuchi, H. Kojima, Yamamoto and Y. Kawashima:
design of pharmaceutical molecules, the importance Biol. Pharm. Bull., 24, 795–799 (2001).
of viewpoint in nanolevel has been recognized in [17] H. Takeuchi, H. Kojima, H. Yamamoto, Y. Kawashima:
plenty, and many researches are continued broadly. S.T.P. Pharm. Sci., 11, 271–274 (2001).
One of them is the investigation about the drug-carrier [18] H. Takeuchi, H. Yamamoto, T. Niwa, T. Hino and
particles in submicron size, mentioned in this section. Y. Kawashima: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 42, 1954–1957
In historical point of view, the researchers have stud- (1994).
ied on liposomes and biodegradable polymeric nanopar- [19] H. Takeuchi, H. Yamamoto, T. Niwa, T. Hino,
ticle before the term of “nanotechnology” began to be
used frequently. However, since nanotechnology age has Y. Kawashima: Pharm. Res., 13, 896–901 (1996).
come, the observation of particles and the measurement [20] H. Takeuchi, Y. Matsui, H. Yamamoto and
of particle size have become much easier by using Y. Kawashima: J. Control. Rel., 86, 235–242 (2003).
atomic force microscope, dynamic light-scattering [21] H. Takeuchi, H. Yamamoto and Y. Kawashima: Adv.
method, and so on. Evolution of nanotechnology may Drug Delivery Rev., 47, 39–54 (2001).
accelerate the pharmaceutical design of dosage form [22] H. Takeuchi, Y. Matsui, H. Sugihara H. Yamamoto and
and DDS investigation, and they will keep the position Y. Kawashima: Int. J. Pharm., 303, 160–170 (2005).
at the center of the “nanotechnology”. [23] H. Takeuchi: Pharm. Tech. Jpn., 19, 1227–1239 (2003).
[24] Y. Kawashima, H. Yamamoto, H. Takeuchi and
References Y. Kuno: Pharm. Dev. Technol., 5, 77–85 (2000).
[25] H. Yamamoto, Y. Kuno, S. Sugimoto, H. Takeuchi,
[1] D. Papahadjopoulos: Stealth Liposomes, Lasic and Y. Kawashima: submitted to J. Control. Rel., 102,
D., Martin, F. (eds), CRC Press, pp. 1–7 (1995). 373–381 (2005).
[2] K. Kreuter: Colloidal Drug Delivery Systems
K. Kreuter (ed.), Marcell Dekker, (1994).
[3] S. Nojima et al. (eds): Liposome, Nankodo, (1988). 2.7 Nanotubes (CNT)
[4] P. Couvreur, B. Kante, M. Roland, P. Guiot, P.
Bauduin and P. Speiser: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 31, Nanotube means an ultrathin tube of diameter in
331–332 (1979). nanometer size, whose constituent elements are car-
[5] N. Al Khouri Falloug , L. Roblot-Treupel, H. Fessi, bon, boron, silicon, etc. Here, carbon nanotubes
(CNT), found first, are described. CNT was found by
J. Ph Devissaguet and F. Puisieux: Int. J. Pharm., 28,
S. Iijima in 1991 [1], which is closely related to the
125–132 (1986).
main title of this handbook “Nanoparticles”.
[6] M.S. EL-Samaligy, P. Rohdewald and H.A. Mahmoud:
The original sample of the discovery of CNT was
J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 38, 216–218 (1986).
obtained as cathode deposit of dc arc discharge evap-
[7] T. Niwa, H. Takeuchi, T. Hino, N. Kunou and oration of graphite rod in inert gas [2]. The evapora-
Y. Kawashima: J. Controlled Release, 25, 89–98 (1993). tion method itself is an improvement of mass
[8] Y. Kawashima, H. Yamamoto, H. Takeuchi, T. Hino production method [3] for fullerenes [4] represented
and T. Niwa: Eur. J. Pharm., 45, 41–48 (1998). by C . Originally, the evaporation apparatus was
60
[9] T. Niwa, H. Takeuchi, T. Hino, T. Nohara and developed by the present author to produce ultrafine
Y. Kawashima: Int. J. Pharm., 121, 45–54 (1995). particles [5] of SiC as a kind of gas evaporation
method [6]. As Si is hard to evaporate by resistive
[10] H. Hanada, Y. Kawashima, H. Takeuchi, T. Hino and
heating, arc discharge between Si block and graphite
H. Yamamoto: Proceedings of 15th Symposium on
rod was employed. Later, by replacing the Si block
Particle Design and Preparation, 119–124 (1998).
with another graphite rod, dc arc discharge between
[11] H. Takeuchi, H. Yamamoto, A. Toyoda, H. Toyobuku,
two graphite rods was applied. This resulted in mass
T. Hino and Y. Kawashima: Int. J. Phrarm., 164, production of fullerenes in the carbon soot generated
103–110 (1998). in the chamber. In this process, the anode graphite
[12] H. Takeuchi, H. Kojima, A. Toyoda, H. Yamamoto, was fully evaporated leaving a deposit on the cathode
T. Hino and Y. Kawashima: European J. Pharm. graphite. CNT was discovered as a byproduct in that
Baiopharm., 48, 123–129 (1999). cathode deposit [1, 2].
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