Page 422 - Book Hosokawa Nanoparticle Technology Handbook

FUNDAMENTALS CH. 7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY ISSUES WITH NANOPARTICLES
RNA), and other internal proteins. Corona virus that
causes SARS and influenza are good examples of
them. The viruses most often are transmitted through
direct contact with an infected person, such as by
shaking hands, hugging or kissing, while sometimes it
is spread by nasal droplets. However, it is still
unknown how these virus particles behave in the case
of airborne infection. Recently, the studies that
attempt to elucidate the behavior have been
progressing [15].

References
[1] C.J. Weschler, H.C. Shields: Atmos. Environ., 33,
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[2] S. Hatakeyama: J. Aerosol Res., Jpn., 6, 106 (1991)
Figure 7.2.10
Size distribution of nanoparticles generated from a laser (in Japanese).
printer. [3] Y. Iinuma, O. Böge, T. Gnauk and H. Herrmann:
Aerosol Environ., 38, 761 (2004).
[4] P. Wolkoff, P.A. Clausen, C.K. Wilkins and G.D.
Meanwhile, it is thought that during ink discharge
ink-jet printers emit not only the main ink droplets Nielsen: Indoor Air, 10, 82 (2000).
but also their satellites (about 1 m) to result in [5] T. Ito, K. Nishimura: J. Soc. Heat. Air-Cond. Sanit.
nanometer-sized NVRs during printing. Eng. Jpn., 76, 817 (2002) (in Japanese).
[6] Y. Tanimura: J. Aerosol Res., Jpn., 18, 20 (2003) (in
7.2.5.4 Combustion Japanese).
One of the most significant source of indoor nanopar- [7] B. Jan, I.W. Lenggoro, M. Choi and K. Okuyama:
ticles relevant to combustion is cooking such as fry- Anal. Sci., 19, 843 (2003).
ing and sautéing [10]. Some reports said that over [8] RAL German Institute for Quality Assurance and
90% of the particles by number were in the ultrafine Certification: Basic Criteria for the Award of the
fraction range during cooking with bimodal peaks at Environmental Label (Printer RAL-UZ 85), p. 35
60 and 10 nm, attaining the number concentration on
3
5
the order of 10 particles/m and the emission rate of (2004).
10 14 particles/h. Owing to lifestyles in Asian coun- [9] N. Namiki, Y. Otani, H. Emi, N. Kagi and S. Fujii:
tries, cigarette smoke, incense, and mosquito coils Proc. Air Cleaning Contam. Control, 118 (2003) (in
also contribute to indoor nanoparticle levels [11]. It Japanese).
was reported that especially in the Indian subconti- [10] L.A. Wallace, S.J. Emmerich and C. Howard-Reed:
nent the combustion of biofuels such as straw and Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 2304 (2004).
dried cattle manure used for cooking could have a sig- [11] C.-S. Li, F.-T. Jenq and W.-H. Lin: J. Aerosol Sci., 23,
nificant impact on climate change in the South Asian S547 (1992).
region [12]. [12] C. Venkataraman, G. Habib, A. Eiguren-Fernandez,
Sidestream cigarette smoke also contains nanopar-
ticles, having a concentration distribution with the A.H. Miguel and S.K. Friedlander: Science, 307, 1454
main peak between 0.1 and 0.2 m [13]. In addition, (2005).
it was found that nanoparticles a peak size of 30 nm [13] K. Katayama, S. Kitao, M. Shimada and K. Okuyama:
formed by the nucleation of vapor fraction in filtered J. Aerosol Res., Jpn., 19, 50 (2004) (in Japanese).
sidestream smoke immediately after burning when [14] Y. Otani, N. Namiki: Annu. Res. Rep. Smoking Res.
the dilution of smoke by air was insufficient [14]. Found., 795 (2004) (in Japanese).
Attention should be paid to air cleaners when a high [15] C J. Hogan Jr., M.-H. Lee and P. Biswas: Aerosol Sci.
concentration of cigarette smoke has to be treated by Technol., 38, 475 (2004).
the cleaners using a single unit air filter.
7.2.5.5 Bioaerosols
7.2.6 Industrial processes and nanoparticles
Airborne virus particles or virions are typically in the
20–400 nm size range, and are a good example of This section describes the sources of nanoparticle
nanoparticle bioaerosols. Smaller viruses typically generation in industrial processes by categorizing
contain one subunit, which consists of an outer pro- them into specific processes where a cleanroom is
tein capsid, internal nucleic acid (e.g. DNA and used and other general ones.

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