Page 6 - Physical chemistry eng
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Contents





              PREFACE   xiii                                           3.4  The Variation of Enthalpy with Temperature at
                                                                            Constant Pressure 55
                                                                       3.5 How Are C and C Related? 57
                                                                                           V
                                                                                     P
               1 Fundamental Concepts
                                                                       3.6  The Variation of Enthalpy with Pressure at
                  of Thermodynamics 1                                       Constant Temperature 58
                  1.1  What Is Thermodynamics and Why Is               3.7  The Joule-Thomson Experiment 60
                       It Useful? 1                                    3.8  Liquefying Gases Using an Isenthalpic
                  1.2  The Macroscopic Variables Volume, Pressure,          Expansion 63
                       and Temperature 2
                  1.3  Basic Definitions Needed to Describe
                                                                    4 Thermochemistry 67
                       Thermodynamic Systems 6
                                                                       4.1  Energy Stored in Chemical Bonds Is Released or
                  1.4  Equations of State and the Ideal Gas Law 7
                                                                            Taken Up in Chemical Reactions 67
                  1.5  A Brief Introduction to Real Gases 10
                                                                       4.2  Internal Energy and Enthalpy Changes
                                                                            Associated with Chemical Reactions 68
               2 Heat, Work, Internal Energy,                          4.3  Hess’s Law Is Based on Enthalpy Being a State
                                                                            Function 71
                  Enthalpy, and the First Law of
                                                                       4.4  The Temperature Dependence of Reaction
                  Thermodynamics 17                                         Enthalpies 73
                                                                                                         ¢
                  2.1  The Internal Energy and the First Law of        4.5  The Experimental Determination of  U and ¢ H
                       Thermodynamics 17                                    for Chemical Reactions 75
                  2.2  Work 18                                         4.6  (Supplemental) Differential Scanning
                  2.3  Heat 21                                              Calorimetry 77
                  2.4  Doing Work on the System and Changing the
                       System Energy from a Molecular Level         5 Entropy and the Second and Third
                       Perspective  23
                                                                       Laws of Thermodynamics 85
                  2.5  Heat Capacity 25
                                                                       5.1  The Universe Has a Natural Direction
                  2.6  State Functions and Path Functions 28
                                                                            of Change 85
                  2.7  Equilibrium, Change, and Reversibility 30
                                                                       5.2  Heat Engines and the Second Law of
                  2.8  Comparing Work for Reversible and Irreversible       Thermodynamics 86
                       Processes 31
                                                                       5.3  Introducing Entropy 90
                  2.9  Determining ¢ U and Introducing Enthalpy, a
                                                                       5.4  Calculating Changes in Entropy 91
                       New State Function 34
                                                                       5.5  Using Entropy to Calculate the Natural Direction
                  2.10 Calculating  q, w, ¢ U, and  H for Processes
                                             ¢
                                                                            of a Process in an Isolated System 96
                       Involving Ideal Gases 35
                                                                       5.6  The Clausius Inequality 97
                  2.11 The Reversible Adiabatic Expansion
                                                                       5.7  The Change of Entropy in the Surroundings and
                       and Compression of an Ideal Gas 39
                                                                            ¢S total  =¢S +¢S surroundings  98
                                                                       5.8  Absolute Entropies and the Third Law of
               3 The Importance of State                                    Thermodynamics 101
                  Functions: Internal Energy                           5.9  Standard States in Entropy Calculations 104
                                                                       5.10 Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions 105
                  and Enthalpy 45
                                                                       5.11 (Supplemental) Energy Efficiency: Heat Pumps,
                  3.1  The Mathematical Properties of State                 Refrigerators, and Real Engines 106
                       Functions 45
                                                                       5.12  (Supplemental) Using the Fact that S Is a State
                  3.2  The Dependence of U on V and T 50                    Function to Determine the Dependence of S on V
                  3.3  Does the Internal Energy Depend More Strongly        and T 115
                       on V or T?52

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