Page 6 - Physical chemistry eng
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Contents
PREFACE xiii 3.4 The Variation of Enthalpy with Temperature at
Constant Pressure 55
3.5 How Are C and C Related? 57
V
P
1 Fundamental Concepts
3.6 The Variation of Enthalpy with Pressure at
of Thermodynamics 1 Constant Temperature 58
1.1 What Is Thermodynamics and Why Is 3.7 The Joule-Thomson Experiment 60
It Useful? 1 3.8 Liquefying Gases Using an Isenthalpic
1.2 The Macroscopic Variables Volume, Pressure, Expansion 63
and Temperature 2
1.3 Basic Definitions Needed to Describe
4 Thermochemistry 67
Thermodynamic Systems 6
4.1 Energy Stored in Chemical Bonds Is Released or
1.4 Equations of State and the Ideal Gas Law 7
Taken Up in Chemical Reactions 67
1.5 A Brief Introduction to Real Gases 10
4.2 Internal Energy and Enthalpy Changes
Associated with Chemical Reactions 68
2 Heat, Work, Internal Energy, 4.3 Hess’s Law Is Based on Enthalpy Being a State
Function 71
Enthalpy, and the First Law of
4.4 The Temperature Dependence of Reaction
Thermodynamics 17 Enthalpies 73
¢
2.1 The Internal Energy and the First Law of 4.5 The Experimental Determination of U and ¢ H
Thermodynamics 17 for Chemical Reactions 75
2.2 Work 18 4.6 (Supplemental) Differential Scanning
2.3 Heat 21 Calorimetry 77
2.4 Doing Work on the System and Changing the
System Energy from a Molecular Level 5 Entropy and the Second and Third
Perspective 23
Laws of Thermodynamics 85
2.5 Heat Capacity 25
5.1 The Universe Has a Natural Direction
2.6 State Functions and Path Functions 28
of Change 85
2.7 Equilibrium, Change, and Reversibility 30
5.2 Heat Engines and the Second Law of
2.8 Comparing Work for Reversible and Irreversible Thermodynamics 86
Processes 31
5.3 Introducing Entropy 90
2.9 Determining ¢ U and Introducing Enthalpy, a
5.4 Calculating Changes in Entropy 91
New State Function 34
5.5 Using Entropy to Calculate the Natural Direction
2.10 Calculating q, w, ¢ U, and H for Processes
¢
of a Process in an Isolated System 96
Involving Ideal Gases 35
5.6 The Clausius Inequality 97
2.11 The Reversible Adiabatic Expansion
5.7 The Change of Entropy in the Surroundings and
and Compression of an Ideal Gas 39
¢S total =¢S +¢S surroundings 98
5.8 Absolute Entropies and the Third Law of
3 The Importance of State Thermodynamics 101
Functions: Internal Energy 5.9 Standard States in Entropy Calculations 104
5.10 Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions 105
and Enthalpy 45
5.11 (Supplemental) Energy Efficiency: Heat Pumps,
3.1 The Mathematical Properties of State Refrigerators, and Real Engines 106
Functions 45
5.12 (Supplemental) Using the Fact that S Is a State
3.2 The Dependence of U on V and T 50 Function to Determine the Dependence of S on V
3.3 Does the Internal Energy Depend More Strongly and T 115
on V or T?52
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