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Polymer nanocomposites for lithium battery applications 295

N S Se
n n n
H
A A A
Polypyrrole Polythiophene Polyselenophene

O O O O

H
N
S S n
n n B
PANI
PEDOT A PProDOT A

O O O O O O O O O O

S S+ S S+ S
n
− −
SO 2 H SO 2 SO 3 H SO 3 SO 3 H

n
C
PEDOT:PSS
Fig. 10.6 Chemical structures of representative conductive polymers based on heterocyclic and
aromatic monomers for energy storage systems.
Reproduced with permission from Kim J, Lee J, You J, Park M-S, Hossain MSA, Yamauchi Y,
et al. Conductive polymers for next-generation energy storage systems: recent progress and new
functions. Mater Horizons 2016;3(6):517–35. Copyright 2016 Royal Society of Chemistry.

hydrogel framework-encapsulated Si composite showed excellent cycling perfor-
mance up to 5000 cycles with over 90% capacity retention at a current density of
1
6.0 A g . This hierarchical hydrogel framework combines the strength of continuous
PANI networks with high conductivity and excellent binding with the Si surface
through cross-linked hydrogen bonding [86].
A water-soluble polymer consisting of an n-type polyfluorene backbone and abun-
dant carboxyl groups was explored for Si anodes (Fig. 10.8) [87]. The numerous car-
boxyl groups on the side chains facilitated the interaction with Si particles and
enhanced the adhesion force and electrolyte absorption, which ensured constant