Page 124 - Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

S time Reference Yield site Acid Strength Surface Feedstock (%) density (mmol area (h) (mmol/g) SO 3 H/g) (m 2 /g) al. et Ma 98.00 2.64 acid Oleic 4 (2014) al. et Rao 68.00 3.96 0.7 96 acid Oleic 1 (2011) 96.00 3.62 0.84 483 acid Oleic 1 95.00 3.01 0.75 468 acid Oleic 1 al. et Fang 6

S temp ( C) 333 3 5 3 5 3 5 150 150 150 150 150 3 5

agent. C time (h) 1 1 1 1 5 1

sulfonating C temp ( C) 573 500 500 500 527 527 527 527 400 500

different agent sulfuric sulfuric sulfuric sulfuric sulfuric acid C temp , carbonization temperature; C time , carbonization time; S temp , sulfonation temperature; S time , sulfonation time.

by Sulfonating Fuming acid Fuming acid Fuming acid Fuming acid Fuming acid p-Toluene sulfonic
preparation 4-BDS 4-BDS 4-BDS 4-BDS

Catalyst straw Jatropha seed curcas Paullinia seed pinnata Mesua L. ferrea seed char Hardwood char Hardwood char Hardwood char Hardwood Calophyllum inophyllum seed waste cake

4.2 Biomass Corn Deoiled Deoiled Deoiled Deoiled Oil
Table S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.