Page 353 - Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

biomass. Ref. (%) yield LA production LA on condition (h) Time ( C) Temp. (2015) al. et Chin (21.5) 53.9 a 3.27 186.0 Amin and Omar Wan 14.3 1.0 180.0 (2016) (2016) al. et Medina 0.11 g/L b 0.17 195.0 (2014b) al. et Ramli 31.6 0.74 165.5 (2018) al. et Gozan 52.1 c 1.5 170.0 (2016) Yu
lignocellulosic Reaction Catalyst H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4 Fe/HY H 2 SO 4 (aq.) HCl (aq.) HCl (aq.) HCl (aq.) HCl HCl HCl HCl HCl HCl H 2 SO 4 MSA MSA

pretreated Solvent H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O DMSO-THF DMSO-THF DMSO-THF DMSO-THF H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O

from (aq.) extraction EFB, Empty fruit bunch; MSA, methanesulfonic acid; OPF, oil palm frond; OPMF, oil palm mesocarp fiber; OPT, oil palm trunk.

production step explosion ammonia H 2 SO 4 explosion enzymatic aqueous

(LA) Pretreatment milling Ozone Steam [EMIM][Cl] in Soaking (aq.) H 2 SO 4 [EMIM][Cl] Diluted [BMIM][Br] (aq.) H 2 SO 4 (aq.) H 2 SO 4 Thermo-H 2 SO 4 Thermo-NaOH Thermo-NaCIO 2 Thermo-NaCIO Steam Na 2 CO 3 1 Na 2 S Na 2 CO 3 1 Na 2 S Na 2 CO 3 1 Na 2 S Na 2 CO 3 1 Na 2 S Soxhlet H 2 SO 4 1 NaOH Thermal-enz

acid Ball a Calculated based on cellulose percentage of biomass feedstock.
Levulinic feedstocks wood bagasse bagasse bagasse c Calculated based on C6/C5 sugar concentration.

14.4 straw straw straw straw straw straw stover sorghum bagasse husk b Product from pretreatment process. d LA from biomass hydrolysate. e Product in mol.%.
Table Biomass EFB EFB EFB EFB EFB Eucalyptus Kenaf OPT OPF Oak Oak Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice Corn Miscanthus Sweet Rice Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane