Page 458 - Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

416 Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

3. Plant-derived FWs
4. Animal-derived FWs
FW from different sources can be converted into the valuable products and ener-
gies, including lipids, hemicellulose, bioactives, pectin, starch, phytochemicals,
phenols, biodiesel, activated carbon, hydrogels, butanol, enzymes, biohydrogen,
bioplastics, heat, power (electricity), biofertilizer, collagen, chitosan, protein hydro-
lysate, bioactive peptides, insecticides, enzymes, methane, essential oils, fibers,
detergents, and chemical intermediates, through different biorefinery conversion
processes such as biological/biochemical conversion, enzymatic/acid conversion,
chemical conversion, thermochemical processes, thermal processes, and physical
processes. Primarily, the FWs should be pretreated through biological, physical,
chemical, and mechanical processes. The two types of products obtained once the
FWs were primarily treated include hydrolyzed FW (liquid) and residual solid FW.
Both processed solid and liquid FWs are allowed for fermentation, AD process, and
transesterification. After these processes, several valuable products and by-products
are obtained. For example, after the fermentation process, biofuels (bioethanol),
biochemical (acids) and bioplastics [polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), poly-3-
hydroxybutyrate (PHB)], enzymes, and biohydrogen are obtained as products. The
processed liquid from the fermentation process can be used as an energy source for
the yeast/microalgae cultivation; post cultivation, lipids, fatty acids, minerals, and
carotenoids obtained are either intracellular or extracellular products from the
yeast/microalgae, and their biomass can be used as animal/fish feed and biofertili-
zers in agriculture for the plant growth and cultivation. The pretreated solid wastes
were allowed AD using microorganisms for the production of biogas (methane,
hydrogen), and their biomass can be used as biofertifilizer in agriculture. Another
way biofertilizer was produced from the FWs was through composting process.
Different types of FW, conversion process, and their value-added products were
shown in Table 18.2.
For the composting process, the raw FW is either given as feed or the anaerobic-
digested residual solid waste is used as feed. For developing good and successful
biorefineries for FW treatments, the following criteria should be critically analyzed:
1. Local need and requests for crude biomaterials and cost of generation
2. Policies, enactment, and spending plan for innovation improvement/usage
3. Innovative and process mix probabilities for cohandling of different substrates
4. Data on sustenance squander amount and quality throughout the years
5. Public mindfulness, sentiments, and backings
The unpredictability was developed to figure feature complexity index for every
one of the four highlights (stages, feedstocks, items, and procedures) utilizing the
quantity of highlights and the FW of every single component. These are all done
based on the technology readiness level (TRL). The basic assumptions of complex-
ity are as follows:
1. The quantity of various highlights of a biorefinery impacts the multifaceted nature. The
intricacy increments by the quantity of highlights in a biorefinery.