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Food industry waste biorefineries 421

of enzyme was introduced for enzyme recovery (Garcia-Galan et al., 2011). Using
the following three strategies the purification and immobilization of enzyme
through one-step process was achieved (Hernandez and Fernandez-Lafuente, 2011):
1. Immobilization through one point
2. Employing custom-made support
3. Application of site-directed mutagenesis

18.9.3 Bioactive/Nutraceuticals

In liquid fuel and biogas production, antioxidant and dietary fibers are playing an
important role; they can be obtained as product through the extraction of plant-
derived FW. From the rice-milling industry the rice bran is obtained as by-products,
and it can be used for the production of value-added chemicals. Rice bran consump-
tion can reduce the cholesterol level, and also it has antitumor effects and cardio-
vascular health benefits. Irakli et al. (2015) reported that an antioxidant activity of
bread increased fivefold when an addition of 30% rice bran is mixed with wheat
flour; it will also increase the phenolic contents, even the vitamin E content was
reduced and these changes finally make the bread production become overall
acceptable. Phenols and carotenoids are derived majorly from the citrus peel and
fruit pomace, and these can increase the shelf-life of food and beverages, and it pre-
vents the off-flavor formation. Pectin was present majorly in the plant matters, and
it can be used as a gelling agent in confectioneries and fat replacement in meat and
meat products. Seafood flavor in soups was imparted by protein hydrolysates
obtained from seaweed (He et al., 2013; Laohakunjit et al., 2014).

18.9.4 Nanoparticles
The plant-inferred FWs such as rice grain and wheat husk have been utilized for
the amalgamation of nanoparticles because of essence of silica. For the in situ
mooring of Pt and Ni nanoparticles, the separated silica from rice husk is utilized.
Biopolymers, for example, cellulose, starch, xylan, and chitosan, can be utilized for
the blend of stable nanoparticles because of inexhaustible assets (Luo et al., 2015).
Using xylan derived from wheat bran, silver (Ag) nanoparticles were synthesized
and used as a reducing and stabilizing agent (Harish et al., 2015). Cui et al. (2015)
reported that the antibacterial activity exhibited by nanoparticles were developed
using cost-effective approach. These prepared nanoparticles can be used for an
effective removal of organic dyes from the industrial wastes.

18.9.5 Biodegradable plastics
Petroleum-derived plastics can be replaced by using the plastic-like material, PHAs
and PHB, derived from the FWs. Glucose, xylose, arabinose, and other reducing
sugars convert into PHA and PHB by using Burkholderia sacchari DSM 17165,
because it has the capability to metabolize those reducing sugars (Cesa ´rio et al.,