Page 464 - Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

422 Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

2014). Mohan and Reddy (2013) reported an optimization study on PHA production
done by using mixed aerobic and anaerobic cultures present in the environment and
it greatly influences the production PHA. PHB was produced from the spent coffee
waste (SCW) by Cupriavidus necator. SCW has 10% oil; once oil extracted, the
residual solid has higher content of cellulose and hemicellulose. As like biofuel pro-
duction the solids were exposed pretreatment and followed by enzymatic hydrolysis
by using hydrolysate as carbon source for the production of PHA, it was done using
Burkholderia cepacia (Obruca et al., 2014). Biodegradable plastics with an example
and bacterial strains used for their production are shown in Fig. 18.5.

18.9.6 Chitosan
Chitosan is the second most abundant polymer, derived from chitin, and it has
intrinsic properties include antimicrobial activity, biodegradability, and biocompati-
bility. Due to these properties the chitosan has been widely used in food, pharma-
ceutical, chemical, and textile industries and also used in waste-water treatment as
an effective coagulant/flocculent (Benhabiles et al., 2012). Shrimp shells are the
most commonly and commercially used source for the production of chitosan,
strong acid, and alkali used for the isolation of shells from their protein and mineral
complex. Recently, researchers are trying to implement the extraction and depo-
lymerization of chitosan from shrimp wastes in the fish industry by using protease
enzyme (Sila et al., 2014).

Figure 18.5 Biodegradable plastics and bacterial strains used for their production.