Page 462 - Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

420 Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

and α-amylases were used for the enzymatic hydrolysis of FWs (Kim et al., 2011;
Yang et al., 2014). Oil expulsion pretreatment was vital for this process.
Cooked oil wastes along with soybean oil and canola oil are the major sources
for the production of biodiesel. The conversion of biodiesel from the cooking oil
waste through transesterification process was done with the help of lipolytic
enzymes such as Lipozyme TL IM and Novozym435 (Lee et al., 2013). The biodie-
sel is created from minimal effort feedstocks such as palm unsaturated fat distillate.
Palm unsaturated fat distillate is a result of the palm oil industry (Lokman et al.,
2014). Microbial enzymes are also used for the biodiesel production along with the
lipases. Silica gel matrix immobilized with mixed lipases from Candida rugosa
and Rhizopus oryzae was used for the production of biodiesel from soybean oil.
Using this method, a high concentration of biodiesel production was achieved and
the matrix can be reused up to 30 cycles. Biofuel production in industry depends on
the following characteristics:
1. Accessibility of FW
2. Productivity of hydrolysis process
3. The measure of lipid and carbohydrate derived from FW
4. Proficiency of fermentation and transesterification strategies

Biohydrogen has been created by utilizing oil palm organic product group, sweet
sorghum, and wheat straw through dim aging. The generation yield was expanded
by the hereditary upgrade of fermentative life form, for example, Enterobacter,
Bacillus, and Clostridium, and these are the most ordinarily utilized microorganisms
for the creation of biohydrogen (Tan et al., 2010; Chong et al., 2013).

18.9.2 Industrial enzymes

In the bioethanol production the primary step for the production after lignocellu-
losic pretreatment is enzymatic hydrolysis. It is not required in some cases, as this
step can be skipped for some fungal species, for example, Scytalidium thermophi-
lum, Melanocarpus sp., Aspergillus sp., and Pleurotus sp. (Soni, 2013). The produc-
tion of different types of enzymes was done by using the food-industry wastes.
Several oxidative enzymes including, cellulase, laccase, amylase, xylanase, phytase,
and lipase have been produced by using the FWs (Zhou et al., 2014; Ho, 2015).
Using FW as an energy source for the production of different enzymes can reduce
the cost for the production of the commercial enzymes, because, in enzyme produc-
tion, 28% of the cost was spent for the purchasing of raw material (Klein-
Marcuschamer et al., 2012). Usually microbial strains can degrade the complex
material in the biomass and utilize their sugars to produce substances. This type of
benefits can be used for the production of enzymes. For the production of enzymes
the SSF was preferred over SMF due to the operational cost. The results obtained
from Singhania et al. (2010) show that the SSF operational cost is 1/10th of the
SMF. The problem was caused in downstream processing due to the heterogeneous
nature of the FW, and it will reflect in the purification and separation of enzyme
cost. To avoid this problem the one-step method of purification and immobilization