Page 510 - Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

466 Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

(Day et al., 2016). The activities such as harvesting of living organisms for food,
pharmaceuticals, and chemicals, extraction of nonliving resources, such as oil and
gas, renewable energy, minerals mining and desalination, trade and tourism are
majorly contributing the marine biotechnology economy. In 2010 ocean industries
economic contribution is about 1.5 trillion, which has 33% of oil and gas, 26%
ocean tourism, 13% by ports, and 11% by maritime equipment (Report of Ocean
Economic Database, OECD, 2016; Patil et al., 2016). Fish and fishery-based pro-
ducts reached 136 billion USD in 2013 with an average of 12% annual increase
over the prior of 10 years. Renewable energy demand is expected to reach in 2.5
times by 2035. Global offshore wind capacity is growing at the rate of 40% per
year, 7100 MW of electricity generated in 2013. The total renewable energy from
marine is about to increase by 20% by 2030. From 4800 marine organisms, about
18,000 natural products were developed by 4% per annum in the conversion of nat-
ural products from marine resources. By 2018, marine biotechnology is estimated
to reach 4.9 billion USD.

21.4 Marine biorefineries and its significance

Biorefineries are integrated sustainable green industries to produce value-added pro-
ducts, such as biofuels, food, and chemical, through a combination of several tech-
nologies (EU Biorefinery Euroview, 2007). Biomass from marine is classified into
three categories, such as fish, crustaceans, and cartilaginous species. Many develop-
ing and developed countries are pursuing biotechnological research to reduce the
dependence on fossil fuel energy sources and minimize the environmental pollution
and degradation of living things (Antelo et al., 2015). Biofuels, such as biogas, bio-
diesel, and bioethanol, are being from alternative sources such as agro-industrial
residues and biomass resources such as plants and sea products (Golberg et al.,
2012). MBR is used to convert the feedstocks (biomasses) into biofuels by the tech-
nologies of cell disruption and product extraction and separation. However, these
refineries are still in research and development only. By 2020 the developments of
biorefinery concepts are expected to be commercialized (Rodrigues et al., 2015).
Leading alternates for the future feedstocks for the biorefineries are macroalgae
from marine, lacking lignin content (Karunasagar and Karunasagar, 2008).
Valuable sources of bioactive compounds and potential products, such as pharma-
ceuticals, nutraceuticals, and as a “human superfood,” can be refined from the spe-
cies such as brown seaweed, Saccharina latissima, and the green seaweed, Ulva
rigida. GenialG will cultivate this species by 2020 with an investment of 12 million
euro. Algae’s such as red (Rhodophyta), green (Chlorophyta), and brown
(Phaeophyta) algal species are highly cultivated from inland and shores. For achiev-
ing high macroalgae yields from the seashore, photovoltaic panels are used to gen-
erate electricity during the daytime for mechanical mixing. Within 38 ha of land,
6
3
1.5 3 10 L ethanol per year is produced from 5.3 3 10 t of feedstock (macroalgae,
Ulva species), 2.57 kg of biomass/L ethanol is produced and 723 t of fertilizers are