Page 514 - Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

470 Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

Proteins and
peptides
Fish, mollusks, and
crustaceans Polysaccharides
Vitamins and
Macro and micro
minerals
algae, shrimp,
crab, lobster,
Seaweeds
prawn, and krill
Functional foods
1. Marine sources of
bioactive molecules
2. Marine derived
bioactive compounds
Fatty acids
Marine enzymes
(proteases, lipases) Almost all marine
sources
Phenolic
Fish, mollusks, and
crustaceans compounds and
pigments
Marine bacteria
and marine algae
Figure 21.2 Functional foods resources from marine environment.

Therefore, in terms of volume, India emerged as the third largest drug producer
globally. Recently, marine species were identified as a source for the isolation of
novel pharmacologically active compounds derived directly or indirectly
(Table 21.2).

21.5.5 Nutraceuticals

Stephen DeFelice introduced the concept of “nutraceutical” in 1989; coalesce of
“nutrition” and “pharmaceutical.” The increasing demand for healthy foods and
lower R&D and regulatory burdens for pharmaceuticals need to launch for nutra-
ceutical key contributors to the spending growth in the nutraceutical market. In
2023 the global nutraceutical market is expected to reach around 561.38 billion
USD, at a CAGR of 6.8% from 2018 to 2023. The market for nutraceutical outsour-
cing has been categorized based on its applications such as traditional, nontradi-
tional, fortified, recombinant, potential and established nutraceuticals, functional
foods, phytochemicals, nutrition boosters (prebiotic and probiotic), herbals, and die-
tary supplements. The nutraceuticals are dietary pharmaceutical compounds given
as a supplement in the form of liquids, powders, tablets, capsules, and even in gel
form. Hence, there is immense scope for marine resources in nutraceuticals sector.
The major sources of marine nutraceuticals are derived from marine macroalgae,
microalgae invertebrates, vertebrates, and many other marine organisms (Suleria
et al., 2015). Moreover, much attention on isolation and purification, chemistry,