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Blue biotechnology: a vision for future marine biorefineries 469

Vibrio alginolyticus, Listonella anguillarum,and Aeromonas hydrophila (Rao et al.,
2017). Not only are the microbes, the other marine creatures, such as macro and micro-
algae and marine invertebrates, are capable of enzymes for the industrial applications.
Isolation, characterization, and large-scale production of marine enzymes such as
hydrolases, alginate lyases should be efficiently streamlined to increase the economic
value of the products (Baharum et al., 2010).

21.5.3 Functional foods
Food and Drug Administration has no official definition for functional foods.
According to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, functional foods are defined
as “whole foods along with fortified, enriched or enhanced foods that have a poten-
tially beneficial effect on health when consumed as part of a varied diet on regular
basis at effective levels based on significant standards of evidence.” Ayurveda,
5000-year-old ancient Indian health science, has mentioned the benefits of natural
sources (food) for therapeutic use. “Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy
food” as said by Hippocrates, the father of Western medicine. The functional food
ingredients market is registering a CAGR of close to 7% by 2022. The marine-
derived functional foods have increased immensely due to the improved lifetime of
people by preventing diseases and maintenance of health and welfare.
The marine environment offers an enormous source of healthy foods with bioac-
tive compounds and secondary metabolites derived from seaweed, algae, fungi, bac-
teria, crustaceans, fish, sponges, and other marine organisms (Lordan et al., 2011).
Polysaccharides lipids, proteins, pigments, vitamins, minerals, and phenolic com-
pounds are the major functional ingredients with biological properties from marine
sources used as functional foods. Seaweeds are a potential crop with essential nutri-
ents with antibacterial, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticoagulant, antiviral, anti-
obesity, and anticancer activity. Microalgae and fish oils rich in poly-saturated fatty
acids help one to improve the nutritional profile of food (Kazir et al., 2019). Crab,
shrimp, cuttlefish, shells, and bones constitute a biodegradable and biocompatible
polymer, chitosan, and chitin derivative with antibacterial and antiadipogenic activ-
ity (Rodrigues et al., 2015). Enzymes and exopolysaccharides obtained from extre-
mophiles have unique potential properties for multiple applications. Fig. 21.2
summarizes the functional foods resources from the marine environment.

21.5.4 Pharmaceuticals
The pharmaceutical industries are responsible for the development, production, and
marketing of medicines. Thus its importance as a global sector is inarguable.
According to pharmaceutical drugs, global market opportunities and strategies to
2021 report, by 2021 pharmaceutical drug market forecasts to be $1170.4 billion
worth and expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.78% from 2017 to 2021. Globally,
India is the largest provider of generic drugs. Indian pharmaceutical sector industry
supplies more than 50% of global demand for various vaccines, 40% of generic
demand in the United States, and 25% of all medicine in the United Kingdom.