Page 528 - Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

482 Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

profitable and hopeful results for both satisfying energy demands with sustainable
waste management in the developing nation. The methods for the production of bio-
fuels depend on three pathways: (1) thermochemical, (2) physicochemical, and (3)
biochemical processes. High temperatures are used to alter waste into useful products
by the processes called gasification, pyrolysis, incineration, plasma arc gasification,
carbonization, and liquefaction in thermochemical technologies. Physicochemical
technologies employ chemicals to transfer waste into liquid fuels and value-added
products by transesterification process, while biochemical methods utilize biological
means to transfer various kind of waste into liquid and gaseous fuels and bioproducts
by using the methods of AD and fermentation (Hossain et al., 2008).
Similar to any other technology, biofuel production from biomass waste primar-
ily depends on the source and characteristics of waste. For example, biofuel coming
from agriculture and forest is based on agricultural residues and forest biomass
waste, respectively. Correspondingly, biofuel from municipal waste is accomplished
through the household biomass waste and the aquaculture or marine biofuel accom-
plished through waste from marine seaweed and algae (Nunoo and Ameka, 2005).
A percentage of 70 of the globe is enclosed by seawater. The world confined of
oceanic organisms counting aquaculture quantity to 132 million tons. From this
quantity, greater than 35% of the entire weight is used as by-product, given the
waste of the seafood, which barely comes from animal portion (skeletons, heads,
and viscera), was expected to create environmental pollution in seashore because of
disorganized waste management.
Currently, numerous studies explored alternative ways to produce a renewable
source as a substitute for usual diesel without creating global warming, pollution of
air and water (Dewulf and Van Langenhove, 2006). At present, biodiesel production
is one promising approach that involves the use of various waste biomasses. Similar
to diesel fuel, the diesel produced from waste biomass has lesser emissions of CO 2
because of improved combustion, enhanced lubricating characteristics on engines,
and without emitting sulfur and particulate matter (Canakci and Sanli, 2008).

22.2 Marine waste and their chemical composition

Fishery plays an important role in global economy. Approximately one part of the
overall worldwide biodiversity and rich reservoirs of biofunctional components has
been accompanied by various marine organisms (Nigam and Singh, 2011; Park
et al., 2012). In addition, these bioactive materials highlight the importance of natu-
ral proteins, peptides, and amino acids. Moreover, being wealthy sources of protein,
several marine organisms are ultimate preparatory resources for the production of
protein-derived bioactive peptides. John et al. (2011) studied the macroalgae that
has been greatly considered as a supplier of bioactive nitrogenous complex.
Fig. 22.1 shows classification of marine waste biomass.