Page 530 - Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

484 Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

shellfish that actually belong to insects and come under the phylum Arthropoda,
having fragmented structure, confined with hard shells of chitin, and include
shrimp, lobster, crayfish, crab, and krill. Mollusks are invertebrates by means of
spongy body, separated into base and primitive segment and are separated into
bivalves, cephalopods, and gastropods. The commercially imperative bivalves are
mussels, oysters, clams, and scallops, while cephalopods include squid, cuttlefish,
and octopus (Smaal and Wijsman, 2010). Ratio of shellfish waste by species (% of
live weight) is cockle—88%, oyster—86%, scallop—86%, mussel—86%, mollusks—
average 80%, winkle—77%, nephrops—whole 76%, crab—68%, brown shrimp—
65%, crustacea—average—61%, prawn—60%, whelk—58%, lobster—56%, and
nephrops—unshelled tails—42%.

22.2.3 Trash fish waste

Trash fish, mostly coming as a result of confined fisheries, are not taken by human
as a food because of its low protein content and relative distasteful characteristics.
These fishes are frequently disposed of by-catch, by means of prospective ecologi-
cal and esthetical troubles (Maldonado et al., 2005). In addition, natural parts of
these type of fish (e.g., bones, muscles, viscera, and scales) add to macrobiotic con-
signment, with the decay speed in water is based on the physical and chemical char-
acteristics and setting of the surroundings (Feng et al., 2004).
In Japan a lot of finfish marine culture operations are approximately, entirely
based on trash fish because of their nourishment or food basis for the cultivated car-
nivorous fish. Trash fish originate merely in areas where there is shrimp trawling.
These are marine fish having little or no market value as human food but used
sometimes in the production of fish meal. The chief cause for the utilization of trash
fish products used for foods is comparatively contemptible cost and the lack of sev-
eral authoritarian structure eliminations (Olsen et al., 2008).

22.2.4 Seaweed biomass

Seaweed, otherwise called macroalgae, included several species of macroscopic,
multicellular, marine algae (Santian ˜ez and Trono, 2013). Also some of the red,
brown, and green macroalgae come under seaweed. One of the marine algae, kelps
give necessary environment for fisheries and other species of marine, and conse-
quently, they act as a safeguard for the food sources. These types of seaweed take
part in a crucial function in carbon capture, generating the oxygen up to 90% of the
planet’s oxygen. Based on the role of seaweed and conservation, sustainable use of
seaweeds provides guiding principles to take preference over industrial develop-
ment. Table 22.1 shows biochemical composition of various marine macroalgae
biomasses. Some of the seaweed species are important for nourishment, bioremedi-
ation, biomedicine, and other uses (Marquez et al., 2013). Few types of seaweeds
are microscopic, for example, phytoplankton that survives in the water column in
suspended nature and offers the foundation for the majority of marine food chains.
Few are massive, for example, giant kelp that grows in rich “forests.” Majority are