Page 355 - Renewable Energy Devices and System with Simulations in MATLAB and ANSYS

342 Renewable Energy Devices and Systems with Simulations in MATLAB and ANSYS ®
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TABLE 13.4
Discharge Response Time for Energy Storage Systems, Based on
Rastler, D., EPRI, Technical Update, 2010
Energy Storage Technology Rating (MW) Discharge Time at Rated Power Applications
Pumped hydro >100 Hours Bulk PM a
Compressed air energy storage >100 Hours Bulk PM
Flow batteries <100 Hours GS, LS a
Sodium sulfur (NaS) 0.5–50 Minutes GS, LS
Advanced lead-acid 0.1–10 Minutes GS, LS
a
Lead-acid battery <50 Minutes UPS, PQ , LS, GS a
NaNiCl 2 battery <5 Minutes GS, LS
Li-Ion battery <2 Minutes UPS, PQ, GS, LS
High-energy supercapacitors <0.5 Minutes UPS, PQ
NiMH <2 Seconds UPS, PQ, GS, LS
High-power flywheels <1 Seconds UPS, PQ, GS, LS
High-power supercapacitors <1 Seconds UPS, PQ, GS, LS
Nickel-cadmium <0.5 Seconds UPS, PQ, GS

a PM, power management; GS, grid support; LS, load shifting; PQ, power quality.

13.6.6 Examples of ESS Field Installation
1. LMO-based Li-ion batteries—A version employing NMC/graphite for the active mate-
rial of the electrodes has been installed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. The battery is
rated for 1 MW and 400 kWh, is installed in a container, and is used for load leveling
and peak shaving in the grid-connected operation of the wind farm and mega solar power
generation [101].
2. LTO-based Li-ion batteries—Two 1 MW units based on LTO chemistry have been
developed for frequency regulation application by Altairnano. It is estimated that this
battery will have a lifetime in the range of 20 years by performing 10%–30% DOD with
several cycles per day for grid stabilization applications, while for applications like peak
shifting with 80%–100% DOD and one cycle per day, it is expected to reach a lifetime
of 50 years [102].
3. Lead-acid batteries—These are the most mature and commercialized electrochemical bat-
tery technology with more than 35 MW installed worldwide for utility-level applications,
such as grid stabilizing, short and long duration power quality improvement [1].
4. Flywheel energy storage (FES)—The largest installed system of the kind is rated for
20 MW and 5 MWh and consists of 200 spinning mass units. This FES is developed and
installed by Beacon Power in Stephentown, New York, and is employed for frequency
regulation [103].
5. Sodium sulfur (NaS) batteries—A 2 MW, 14 MWh system was installed by the American
Electric Power at Churubusco, Indiana, and is used for smoothening wind farm intermit-
tency. The largest NaS battery, rated at 80 MW, will be installed at the Noshiro thermal
power plant in northern Japan [104].
6. Pumped hydro energy storage—This is the most mature energy storage technology avail-
able and has a worldwide installed power capacity of 127 GW. This technology is well
matched for load leveling and peak shaving applications for electrical utilities as well as
long-term storage, even at the transmission level [1].