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Batteries and Ultracapacitors for Electric Power Systems with Renewable Energy Sources   349


            and studies that have been conducted on ESSs in recent decades, electrical energy systems are still
            an active field of research. ESSs are the main key to many concepts and tasks, including smart grids,
            microgrids, and energy-efficient systems. Active research areas include investigation and improve-
            ment in lifetime, energy and power density, and thermal behavior. Although the majority of the
            installed electrical energy storage capacity is currently pumped hydro and compressed air energy
            storage (CAES) systems, batteries and ultracapacitors are very promising ESSs for future systems.

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