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348             Renewable Energy Devices and Systems with Simulations in MATLAB  and ANSYS ®
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              4.3
              4.1
              3.9
              3.7
              Voc(V)  3.5 3.3 3.1
              2.9
              2.7
              2.5
               0   0.2  0.4  0.6  0.8  1
                       SOC
              3.79
              3.78
              3.77
              3.76
              V(V)  3.75
              3.74
              3.73
              3.72
              3.71
                0  100  200  300  400  500
                       Time (sec)
                                         Current
                              Current (A) 2 1 0
                              –1
                                  0   500  1000  1500  2000
                             Modeling error (%) Battery voltage (V)  1.2 0  0  500  Modeling error  1500  2000
               ECM model             Measured and calculated voltage
                workflow      1.25            Measured voltage                        Load
                                              Calculated voltage
                                          1000
                              0.2
                              –0.2
                                  0
                                      500
                                          1000
                                         Time (sec)  1500  2000
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            FIGURE 13.35  BES equivalent circuit model workflow using ANSYS  software.




















            FIGURE 13.36  Comprehensive multiphysics and multidomain simulation of battery packs, including the
            effects of electromagnetic parasitics, thermal, and mechanical stress, using the ANSYS  software.
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            13.8  SUMMARY
            This chapter presents a comprehensive review of ESSs and their applications with emphasis on bat-
            teries and ultracapacitors. Different types of battery and ultracapacitor ESSs have been discussed
            along with their modeling techniques. Management system principles and the main functions of
            the BMS have been reviewed. Different power converter topologies employed in ESSs have been
            presented, and the utility-level applications of ESSs have been described. Despite all the research
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