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a. V (m/s)
p
4000 2000 1000
200
SHALE
Lama and Vutukuri (1978)
Jizba (1991)
150 Carmichael (1982)
UCS (MPa) 100 15
50 12 13
11
14
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
∆t (µs/ft)
b. 300
SHALE
Lama and Vutukuri (1978)
Carmichael (1982)
Jizba (1991)
200
UCS (MPa) 16
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
E (GPa)
c. 200
SHALE
Lama and Vutukuri (1978)
150 Jizba (1991)
UCS (MPa) 100
50
19
17 18
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
f
Figure 4.15. Comparison between different empirical laws (Table 4.2) for the dependence of the
strength of shale on (a) compressional wave velocity, (b) Young’s modulus and (c) porosity. After
Chang, Zoback et al.(2006). Reprinted with permission of Elsevier.
