Page 13 - Sensors and Control Systems in Manufacturing

xii
Co n t e n t s

3.10 Principles of Fiber Optics
in Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
3.11 Fiber-Optic Information Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
3.12 Configurations of Fiber Optics . . . . . . . . . . . 157

3.12.1 Optical Power Budget . . . . . . . . . . . 158
3.12.2 Digital Links—Pulsed . . . . . . . . . . . 159
3.12.3 Digital Links—Carrier-Based . . . . . 160
3.12.4 Analog Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
3.12.5 Video Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
3.12.6 Data Bus Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

3.13 Configurations of Fiber Optics for
Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
3.13.1 Fiber-Optic Bundles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
3.13.2 Bundle Design Considerations . . . . 167
3.13.3 Fiber Pairs for Remote Sensing . . . 168
3.13.4 Fiber-Optic Liquid Level
Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
3.14 Flexibility of Fiber Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
3.14.1 Fiber-Optic Terminations . . . . . . . . 170
3.15 The Testing of Fiber Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
3.16 Testing Light Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
3.16.1 Power Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
3.17 Dual Laser Test Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
3.17.1 Test Sets/Talk Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
3.17.2 Attenuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
3.17.3 Fault Finders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

3.17.4 Fiber Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
3.18 Networking with Electrooptic Links . . . . . . 179
3.18.1 Hybrid Wire/Fiber Networks . . . . 180
3.18.2 Daisy Chain Networks . . . . . . . . . . 181
3.18.3 Active Star Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
3.18.4 Hybrid Fiber Networks . . . . . . . . . . 182
3.18.5 Fiber-Optic Sensory Links for
Minicell Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
3.19 Versatility of Fiber Optics in Industrial
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
3.19.1 High-Clad Fiber-Optic Cables . . . . 185
3.19.2 Fiber-Optic Ammeter . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
4 Networking of Sensors and Control Systems
in Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
4.2 The Number of Products in a
Flexible System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193