Page 18 - Sensors and Control Systems in Manufacturing

6.24 Force and Optical Sensors Controlling Contents xvii
Robotic Grippers for Agriculture and
Manufacturing Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
6.25 Ultrasonic Stress Sensor Measuring Dynamic
Changes in Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
6.26 Predictive Monitoring Sensors Serving
the CIM Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
6.27 Reflective Strip Imaging Camera Sensor—

Measuring a 180°-Wide Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
6.28 Optical Sensor Quantifying Acidity
of Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
6.29 Sensors for Biomedical Technology . . . . . . . . . 319
6.29.1 Sensor for Detecting Minute
Quantities of Biological
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
6.29.2 Sensors for Early Detection and
Treatment of Lung Tumors . . . . . . . 320
6.29.3 Ultrasensitive Sensors for Single-
Molecule Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

7 Industrial Sensors and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
7.2 Sensors in Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
7.3 Temperature Sensors in Process Control . . . . . 329
7.3.1 Semiconductor Absorption
Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
7.3.2 Semiconductor Temperature Detector
Using Photoluminescence . . . . . . . . 331
7.3.3 Temperature Detectors Using Point-
Contact Sensors in Process
Manufacturing Plants . . . . . . . . . . . 334
7.3.4 Noncontact Sensors—
Pyrometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
7.4 Pressure Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
7.4.1 Piezoelectric Crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
7.4.2 Strain Gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
7.5 Fiber-Optic Pressure Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
7.6 Nano-Positioning Capacitive
Metrology Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
7.6.1 Nano-Capacitive Positioning
Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
7.7 Electrode Geometry, Sensor Surface Flatness,
and Finish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
7.8 Special Design Eliminates Cable

Influences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343