Page 19 - Sensors and Control Systems in Manufacturing

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Co n t e n t s

7.9 Materials Achieving Greater Accuracy . . . . 343
7.10 Mounting, Calibration, and Measuring
Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
7.11 Parallelism of Measuring Surfaces . . . . . . . . 345
7.12 Electronics Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
7.13 Sensor Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
7.13.1 Factory Calibration for Improved
Linearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
7.14 Using the Integrated Linearization
System (ILS) for Highest Accuracy . . . . . . . . 348
7.14.1 Multichannel Measurements . . . . . 348
7.15 Displacement Sensors for Robotic
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
7.16 Process Control Sensors Measuring and
Monitoring Liquid Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
7.16.1 Flow Sensors Detecting Small Air
Bubbles for Process Control in
Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
7.16.2 Liquid Level Sensors in
Manufacturing Process Control for
Petroleum and Chemical Plants . . . 353
7.17 Sensory MEMS Enable Certain Molecules
to Signal Breast Cancer’s Spread . . . . . . . . . . 355
7.18 On-Line Measuring and Monitoring of Gas
by Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
7.19 Using Avalanche Photodiodes to Improve
System Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
7.20 Structures of Avalanche Photodiodes—APD
Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
7.21 Critical Performance Parameters . . . . . . . . . 362
7.22 Selecting an APD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
7.22.1 Types of APDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
7.22.2 Understanding the Specifi cations
Responsivity and Gain . . . . . . . . . . 364
7.23 Dark Current and Noise Current . . . . . . . . . 365
7.23.1 Excess Noise Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
7.24 The Geiger Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
7.25 Crack Detection Sensors for Commercial,
Military, and Space Industry Use . . . . . . . . . 367
7.26 Control of the Input/Output Speed of
Continuous Web Fabrication Using Laser
Doppler Velocity Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
7.27 Ultrasonic/Laser Nondestructive
Evaluation Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370