Page 20 - Sensors and Control Systems in Manufacturing

Contents
7.28 Process Control Sensors for Acceleration . . . 371 xix
7.29 An Endoscope as Image Transmission
Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
7.30 Sensor Network Architectures
in Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
7.31 Power Line Fault-Detection Systems for
Power Generation and Distribution
Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

8 Sensors in Flexible Manufacturing Systems . . . . . 379
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
8.2 The Role of Sensors in FMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
8.2.1 Current Available Sensor
Technology for FMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
8.3 Robot Control through Vision Sensors . . . . . 383
8.3.1 Image Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . 383
8.3.2 Robot Vision and Human Vision . . . 384
8.3.3 Robot Vision and Visual Tasks . . . . 384
8.3.4 Robot Visual Sensing Tasks . . . . . . . 386
8.3.5 Robots Utilizing Vision Systems
to Recognize Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
8.4 Robot Vision Locating Position . . . . . . . . . . . 388
8.5 Robot Guidance with Vision System . . . . . . 389
8.5.1 Robot Vision Performing
Inspection Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
8.5.2 Components of Robot Vision . . . . . 390
8.6 End Effector Camera Sensor for Edge
Detection and Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
8.6.1 Shape and Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
8.6.2 Position and Orientation . . . . . . . . . 392
8.6.3 Multiple Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
8.7 End Effector Camera Sensor Detecting
Partially Visible Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
8.7.1 Runtime Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
8.8 Ultrasonic End Effector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
8.9 End Effector Sound-Vision Recognition
Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
8.9.1 Standoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
8.9.2 Large Surface Measurements . . . . . 402
8.9.3 Sensitivity of Measurements . . . . . . 404
8.9.4 Small Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
8.9.5 Positioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
8.10 End Effector Linear Variable-Displacement
Transformer Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407