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participants into the model through the researchers, but there is feedback about these
developments to the stakeholders. This leads to discussion about the model. Con-
vergence of the discussion remains on the researchers’ side. Group model building
experiments predominately fall into this category. In this case, stakeholders may
increase their influence on the framing of the model with better prior assessment of
the scope of simulations to be examined. Biases related to strategic information
being revealed in the dialogue process are still present if there is unbalanced
involvement of members of A and notably if members of P are less active but still
present. However, this category still represents indirect control, and no specification
of model use is left open to the stakeholders. At the end of the process, the created
model can be used by members of P without any control or any road map set by
other members of A.

12.4.2.4 Dialogue with Modellers and Control

A R

P M

This category is the same as the previous one with translation of stakeholders’
inputs and feedback from the researchers about them. However, the output of the
discussion, the model, is appropriated by stakeholders. They have control over
its use and dissemination of models which may have been produced through the
modelling process: who might use them, with which protocol and what is the
value of their outputs. They can decide whether the model and simulations are
legitimate to be used for the design of policies that may concern them. However,
this appropriation raises issues of dialogue between researchers and stakeholders
about the suitability of model for various uses. Comparison of several participatory
agent-based simulations has shown that there is a need for dialogue about not only
a model’s content but also on its domain of validity (Barreteau et al. 2005).

12.4.2.5 Co-building of a Model and No Control

A R

P M

A further stage of empowerment of stakeholders through participation in a mod-
elling process is their co-building of the model. The design and/or implementation