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Table 12.2 Matching expectations on joint use of participatory approaches and social simulation
modelling with categories of participation
Key stage(s) for Minimum level of Level of
Expectation participation empowerment heterogeneity
Increase model’s Simulation Information and no Heterogeneous group
quality with social control
diversity and
capacity to evolve
Increase model’s Simulation Information and no Heterogeneous group
quality through control
distribution of
control
Improve suitability Design Dialogue and no Individual
of simulation control
model’s use for
increasing
knowledge
Improve suitability Design and Dialogue and control Homogeneous group
of simulation discussion of results
model’s use for
policymaking
Simulation as a Discussion of results Consultation and no Homogeneous group
means to support control (depend on
participation to deal participatory process
with dynamics and to be supported)
uncertainties
Simulation as a Preliminary Co-building and Heterogeneous group
means to support diagnosis, design and control (to be
participation through discussion of results preferred)
social learning

case is useless, and involvement might be individual, as with knowledge elicitation
techniques. However, higher level of stakeholder heterogeneity might raise the
knowledge acquired in the process.
When simulation is used to support participation, discussion of results is a
key stage. Previous stages aid in the problem framing and literacy increase of
participants that allow them to reach more solid interpretations. The empowerment
level is rather dependent on the participatory process that is being supported.
However, consultation in the modelling process should be a minimum requirement
so that uncertainties and dynamics tackled by the simulations are relevant to the
stakeholders. When focusing on social learning, co-building and control should be
preferred because this category increases the potential for exploration and creativity.
However, some social learning might take place in lesser levels, provided that group
heterogeneity is well encouraged in the process.