Page 6 - Soil and water contamination, 2nd edition

Contents

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION XI

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION XII
PART I AN INTRODUCTION TO SOIL AND WATER CONTAMINATION 1

1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 3
1.1 Historical perspective 3
1.2 Environmental pollution 4
1.3 Environmental pollutants 5
1.3.1 Classification of pollutants 5
1.3.2 Background concentrations 6
1.3.3 Anthropogenic sources 8
1.4 Ecological impacts 10
1.5 Spatial and temporal variability and the concept of scale 11
1.6 Outline and rationale of this book 13
Exercises 14

2 BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Units of analysis 15
2.3 Activity 17
2.4 Background thermodynamics 19
2.5 Phases and phase transitions 21
2.5.1 Phases 21
2.5.2 Thermodynamic considerations on phase transitions 21
2.5.3 Partition coefficient 22
2.5.4 Partitioning between dissolved phase and adsorbed phase 23
2.5.5 Fugacity 25
2.6 Chemical equilibrium and kinetics 28
2.6.1 Equilibrium 28
2.6.2 Kinetics 31
2.7 Dissolution–precipitation reactions 33
2.8 Complexation 34
2.9 Acid–base reactions 36
2.9.1 Introduction 36
2.9.2 Acids 36
2.9.3 Bases 37
2.9.4 Buffering 38
2.10 Redox reactions 40

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