Page 10 - Soil and water contamination, 2nd edition

Contents IX

14 GAS EXCHANGE 257
14.1 Henry’s law 257
14.2 Thin film model 258
14.3 Reaeration 261
14.4 Gas exchange controlled on the water side 263
14.5 Gas exchange controlled on the air side 264
14.6 Gas exchange in the subsurface environment 265
Exercises 267

15 MODEL CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION 269
15.1 Introduction 269
15.2 Model performance criteria 273
15.3 Considerations affecting model choice 278
Exercises 279
PART IV PATTERNS OF SUBSTANCES IN SOIL
AND WATER 281
16 PATTERNS IN THE SOIL AND IN THE VADOSE ZONE 283
16.1 Introduction 283
16.2 Natural variation in background concentrations 284
16.3 Variation due to clay and organic matter content 285
16.4 Lateral variation 290
16.4.1 Introduction 290
16.4.2 Effects of fertiliser and pesticide application 290
16.4.3 Effects of atmospheric deposition 291
16.4.4 Effects of soil erosion and deposition 296
16.5 Vertical variation 300
16.5.1 Introduction 300
16.5.2 Effects of leaching 300
16.5.3 Effects of contamination history 303
16.6 Further reading on contaminants in soil 306
Exercises 306
17 PATTERNS IN GROUNDWATER 309
17.1 Introduction 309
17.2 Hydrological systems analysis 309
17.3 Hydrochemical systems analysis 312
17.4 Effects of lateral variation in contaminant inputs 316
17.5 Effects of temporal variation in contaminant inputs 319
17.6 Effects of dispersion 321
17.7 Effects of retardation 324
17.8 Effects of acid–base reactions 326
17.9 Effects of redox reactions 327
17.10 Further reading on contaminants in groundwater 336
Exercises 336
18 PATTERNS IN SURFACE WATER 337
18.1 Introduction 337
18.2 Spatial variation in river water composition 338
18.2.1 Effects of diffuse sources 338

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