Page 9 - Soil and water contamination, 2nd edition

VIII Soil and Water Contamination

9.4 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 167
9.5 Chlorinated hydrocarbons 169
9.5.1 Aliphatic chlorinated hydrocarbons 170
9.5.2 Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) 170
9.5.3 Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) 171
9.5.4 Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) 171
9.5.5 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 172
9.6 Dioxins 173
9.7 Emerging substances of concern 173
9.7.1 Current-use pesticides 174
9.7.2 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products 175
9.7.3 Endocrine-Modulating Chemicals 176
9.7.4 Microplastics 176
Exercises 177
PART III TRANSPORT PROCESSES OF SUBSTANCES IN
SOIL AND WATER 179
10 SYSTEMS AND MODELS 181
10.1 A systems approach 181
10.2 The role of mathematical models 185
10.3 Classification of mathematical models 188
Exercises 189

11 SUBSTANCE TRANSPORT 191
11.1 Mass balance 191
11.2 Advection 196
11.2.1 Advection equation 196
11.2.2 Load calculation and mixing 203
11.3 Diffusion and dispersion 204
11.3.1 Molecular diffusion 204
11.3.2 Turbulent diffusion and mechanical dispersion 204
11.3.3 Longitudinal dispersion 208
11.3.4 Transverse dispersion 213
11.3.5 Numerical dispersion 215
11.4 Multi-fluid flow 218
Exercises 222

12 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION 225
12.1 Introduction 225
12.2 Transport equation 225
12.3 Bottom shear stress 226
12.4 Sediment deposition 230
12.5 Sediment erosion 233
12.6 Long-term soil erosion and deposition 234
Exercises 237
13 CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION 239
13.1 Introduction 239
13.2 Sorption equilibrium and kinetics 240
13.3 Biological production and degradation 247
Exercises 253

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