Page 7 - Soil and water contamination, 2nd edition

VI Soil and Water Contamination

2.10.1 Introduction 40
2.10.2 Oxidation state 40
2.10.3 Redox potential 41
2.10.4 Redox reactions and pe 44
2.10.5 pH–Eh diagrams 45
2.11 Further reading on basic chemistry 47
Exercises 47

3 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARTMENTS 51
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Soil 52
3.2.1 Definition of soil 52
3.2.2 Sources of soil pollution 54
3.2.3 Soil water 55
3.2.4 Soil erosion 56
3.2.5 Physico-chemical conditions in soil 57
3.3 Groundwater 59
3.3.1 Definition of groundwater 59
3.3.2 Sources of groundwater pollution 60
3.3.3 Physico-chemical conditions in groundwater 61
3.4 Surface water 62
3.4.1 Definition of surface water 62
3.4.2 Bed sediments 62
3.4.3 Sources of surface water pollution 63
3.4.4 Physico-chemical conditions in surface water 65
3.5 Further reading on soils, groundwater, and surface water 67
Exercises 68
PART II SOURCES, ROLE, AND BEHAVIOUR OF SUBSTANCES IN
SOIL AND WATER 69
4 SOLID PHASE CONSTITUENTS 71
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 Inorganic components 72
4.2.1 Composition and formation 72
4.2.2 Aluminium and iron oxides/hydroxides 74
4.2.3 Clay minerals 74
4.2.4 Asbestos 79
4.2.5 Nanomaterials 80
4.3 Organic components 81
4.3.1 Composition and formation 81
4.3.2 Interaction with the aqueous phase 83
4.3.3 Interaction with mineral surfaces 84
4.3.4 Decomposition of organic matter 85
4.4 Sorption by soils and sediments 88
Exercises 89
5 MAJOR DISSOLVED PHASE CONSTITUENTS 91
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 Sodium 94
5.3 Potassium 96

10/1/2013 6:44:02 PM
Soil and Water.indd VI
Soil and Water.indd VI 10/1/2013 6:44:02 PM