Page 4 - Synthetic Fuels Handbook

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CONTENTS

Preface ix

Chapter 1. Fuel Sources 1

1.1 Conventional Fuel Sources / 4
1.2 Nonconventional Fuel Sources / 5
1.2.1 Tar Sand Bitumen / 6
1.2.2 Coal / 8
1.2.3 Oil Shale / 10
1.2.4 Natural Gas / 14
1.2.5 Gas Hydrates / 16
1.2.6 Biomass / 16
1.2.7 Bioalcohol / 18
1.3 Synthetic Fuels / 19
1.4 Production of Synthetic Fuels / 22
1.4.1 Thermal Decomposition / 22
1.4.2 Gasification / 23
1.4.3 The Fischer-Tropsch Process / 24
1.4.4 Bioprocesses / 25

Chapter 2. Natural Gas 27
2.1 History / 27
2.2 Formation and Occurrence / 28
2.3 Conventional Gas / 31
2.3.1 Associated Gas / 31
2.3.2 Nonassociated Gas / 32
2.3.3 Liquefied Natural Gas / 32
2.4 Unconventional Gas / 33
2.4.1 Coalbed Methane / 33
2.4.2 Gas Hydrates / 34
2.4.3 Shale Gas / 35
2.5 Composition / 35
2.6 Properties / 37
2.6.1 Density / 37
2.6.2 Heat of Combustion (Energy Content) / 40
2.6.3 Volatility, Flammability, and Explosive Properties / 40
2.6.4 Environmental Properties / 43
2.7 Gas Processing / 44
2.7.1 Olamine Processes / 45
2.7.2 Physical Solvent Processes / 47
2.7.3 Metal Oxide Processes / 49
2.7.4 Methanol-Based Processes / 51
2.7.5 Carbonate-Washing and Water-Washing Processes / 52

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