Page 5 - Synthetic Fuels Handbook

iv CONTENTS

2.7.6 Sulfur Recovery Processes / 55
2.7.7 Hydrogenation and Hydrolysis Processes / 57
2.8 Uses / 57
Chapter 3. Fuels from Petroleum and Heavy Oil 63

3.1 History / 63
3.2 Petroleum Recovery / 66
3.3 Petroleum Refining / 67
3.3.1 Dewatering and Desalting / 67
3.3.2 Distillation / 68
3.3.3 Thermal Processes / 70
3.3.4 Catalytic Processes / 74
3.3.5 Hydroprocesses / 77
3.3.6 Reforming Processes / 80
3.3.7 Isomerization Processes / 82
3.3.8 Alkylation Processes / 83
3.3.9 Polymerization Processes / 84
3.3.10 Deasphalting / 85
3.3.11 Dewaxing / 86
3.4 Heavy Oil Refining / 88
3.5 Petroleum Products and Fuels / 90
3.5.1 Gaseous Fuels / 90
3.5.2 Liquid Fuels / 92
3.5.3 Solid Fuels / 100
Chapter 4. Fuels from Tar Sand Bitumen 103

4.1 Occurrence and Reserves / 104
4.1.1 Canada / 105
4.1.2 United States / 105
4.1.3 Venezuela / 107
4.1.4 Other Countries / 107
4.2 Structure and Properties of Tar Sand / 108
4.2.1 Mineralogy / 109
4.2.2 Properties / 109
4.3 Chemical and Physical Properties of Tar Sand Bitumen / 110
4.3.1 Composition / 112
4.3.2 Properties / 114
4.4 Mining Technology / 115
4.5 Bitumen Recovery / 116
4.5.1 The Hot Water Process / 116
4.5.2 In Situ Processes / 117
4.6 Upgrading, Refining, and Fuel Production / 120
4.6.1 Primary Conversion / 122
4.6.2 Secondary Upgrading / 124
4.6.3 Other Processes / 124
4.6.4 Hydrogen Production / 125
4.7 Synthetic Crude Oil / 125
4.8 The Future / 126

Chapter 5. Fuels from Coal 131
5.1 Occurrence and Reserves / 131
5.2 Formation and Types / 134