Page 6 - Synthetic Fuels Handbook

CONTENTS v

5.2.1 Coal Formation / 134
5.2.2 Coal Types / 135
5.3 Mining and Preparation / 137
5.3.1 Surface Mining / 138
5.3.2 Underground Mining / 139
5.3.3 Mine Safety and Environment Effects / 139
5.3.4 Coal Preparation / 141
5.4 Uses / 141
5.5 Gaseous Fuels / 145
5.5.1 Gasifiers / 146
5.5.2 Gaseous Products / 148
5.5.3 Physicochemical Aspects / 150
5.5.4 Gasification Processes / 153
5.5.5 Underground Gasification / 156
5.5.6 The Future / 157
5.6 Liquid Fuels / 157
5.6.1 Physicochemical Aspects / 158
5.6.2 Liquefaction Processes / 159
5.6.3 Products / 161
5.6.4 The Future / 162
5.7 Solid Fuels / 163
5.7.1 Coke / 163
5.7.2 Charcoal / 164
5.8 Environmental Aspects of Coal Utilization / 164
5.9 Clean Coal Technologies / 165

Chapter 6. Fuels from Oil Shale 169
6.1 Origin / 172
6.2 History / 173
6.3 Occurrence and Development / 174
6.3.1 Australia / 175
6.3.2 Brazil / 176
6.3.3 Canada / 176
6.3.4 China / 177
6.3.5 Estonia / 177
6.3.6 Germany / 178
6.3.7 Israel / 178
6.3.8 Jordan / 178
6.3.9 Morocco / 179
6.3.10 Russian Federation / 179
6.3.11 Thailand / 179
6.3.12 United States / 179
6.4 Liquid Fuels / 181
6.4.1 Thermal Decomposition of Oil Shale / 181
6.4.2 Mining and Retorting / 182
6.4.3 In Situ Technologies / 184
6.5 Refining Shale Oil / 186
6.6 The Future / 192

Chapter 7. Fuels from Synthesis Gas 197
7.1 Gasification of Coal / 198
7.1.1 Chemistry / 199
7.1.2 Processes / 201
7.1.3 Gasifiers / 202