Page 7 - Synthetic Fuels Handbook

vi CONTENTS

7.2 Gasification of Petroleum Fractions / 203
7.2.1 Chemistry / 204
7.2.2 Processes / 206
7.3 Steam-methane Reforming / 209
7.4 Gasification of Other Feedstocks / 212
7.5 Fischer-Tropsch / 213

Chapter 8. Fuels from Biomass 221
8.1 Biomass Fuels / 223
8.1.1 Feedstock Types / 224
8.1.2 Feedstock Properties / 227
8.2 The Chemistry of Biomass / 228
8.3 Processes / 231
8.3.1 Process Types / 231
8.3.2 Environmental Issues / 240
8.4 Fuels from Biomass / 241
8.4.1 Gaseous Fuels / 242
8.4.2 Liquid Fuels / 244
8.4.3 Solid Fuels / 248
8.4.4 Biofuels from Synthesis Gas / 249
8.5 Uses / 250
8.6 A Biorefinery / 251
8.6.1 Bioconversion / 252
8.6.2 Thermal Conversion / 254
8.6.3 Greenhouse Gas Production / 257
8.6.4 Other Aspects / 257
8.7 The Future / 259
Chapter 9. Fuels from Crops 265

9.1 Energy Crops / 266
9.1.1 Short Rotation Coppice / 267
9.1.2 Miscanthus / 267
9.1.3 Reed Canary Grass / 268
9.1.4 Cordgrass / 268
9.1.5 Switchgrass / 268
9.1.6 Reed Plants / 269
9.1.7 Jerusalem Artichoke / 269
9.1.8 Sorghum / 269
9.1.9 Hemp / 270
9.2 Processes / 270
9.2.1 Direct Combustion / 270
9.2.2 Gasification / 272
9.2.3 Pyrolysis / 274
9.2.4 Anaerobic Digestion / 275
9.3 Ethanol / 278
9.3.1 Ethanol Production / 279
9.4 Other Alcohols / 281
9.4.1 Methanol / 281
9.4.2 Propanol and Butanol / 282
9.5 Biodiesel / 282
9.5.1 Feedstocks for Biodiesel / 283
9.5.2 Transesterification (Alcoholysis) / 284
9.5.3 Catalytic Transesterification / 284
9.5.4 Noncatalytic Supercritical Methanol Transesterification / 286