Page 359 - The Engineering Guide to LEED-New Construction Sustainable Construction for Engineers

A S y s t e m a t i c V i e w o f G r e e n a n d M i n i m u m P r o g r a m Re q u i r e m e n t s 321

Regardless of the project delivery method, the stages of a project can usually be
summarized into a few main categories:
• Project conceptualization
• Schematic design
• Planning and zoning (P&Z) and other municipal planning organization (MPO)
reviews
• Design development (detailed design)
• Permits
• Construction document development
• Bid and procurement
• Construction
• Closeout
• Operations
As previously mentioned, many of the credits must be considered in the early stages
of project conception to be effective for the project, whereas others may slowly evolve
as the design phase progresses into greater detail. It is important that there be interaction
regarding the LEED process early on and frequently throughout each step.

CPM Schedules
The term schedule actually refers to two different project design and management tools.
One type of schedule is a tally of specific items. An example is a door schedule on an
architectural plan. A door schedule is the list of the number of types of doors needed for
the project. This type of schedule usually includes information on sizes, materials, other
characteristics, and manufacturers. The other tool called a schedule refers to a listing or
diagram of activities with relationship to time. It is this type of schedule, a time-activity
schedule, that is being further evaluated in this section. Note that both types of
schedules, item-related and time-activity-related, are important to projects. For instance,
in Chap. 10 where erosion and sedimentation control measures are further explored,
the design package might require both an itemized schedule of materials or plants
needed for erosion control and a time-activity schedule to sequence the erosion control
activities so that the soils are adequately protected from erosion during all the
construction stages.
Activity-time scheduling is a critical tool in any design-construction process. There
are many types of scheduling techniques used, but most can be summarized in the
following two formats:
• Bar charts (Gantt chart)
• Critical path method (CPM)

Bar or Gantt charts are very common and represent activities in a vertical list with time on
the horizontal and bars along the horizontal which give some idea when these activities
will take place. Table 8.1.3 depicts a simple bar chart of some typical project phases.
CPMs are similar listings of activities except that a CPM schedule also shows a
dependency of activities on other activities. For instance, a building should be designed