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References
1. Shaw, M. C., Metal Cutting Principles, Oxford: Oxford Science Publications, Clarendon Press, 1989.
2. Doebelin, E. O., Measurement Systems, Application and Design, 4th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill,
1990.
3. Dally, J. W., Riley, W. F., and McConnel, K. G., Instrumentation for Engineering Measurements, New
York: John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
4. Mansfield, P. H., Electrical Transducers for Industrial Measurement, London: The Butterworth Group,
1973.
5. Martini, K. H., Multicomponent dynamometers using quartz crystals as sensing elements, ISA Trans.,
22(1), 1983.
6. Spur, G., Al-Badrawy, S. J., and Stirnimann, J., Measuring the Cutting Force in Five-Axis Milling,
Translated paper “Zerpankraftmessung bei der funfachsigen Frasbearbeitung,” Zeitschrift fur
wirtschaftliche Fertigung und Automatisierung 9/93 Carl Hanser, Munchen, Kistler Piezo-
Instrumentation, 20.162e 9.94.
7. Nachtigal, C. L., Instrumentation and Control, Fundamentals and Applications, Wiley Series in
Mechanical Engineering Practice, New York: Wiley Interscience, John Wiley & Sons, 1990.
8. DeSilva, C. W., Control Sensors and Actuators, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1989.
9. Gardner, J. W., Microsensors Principles and Applications, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1995.
10. Stadler, W., Analytical Robotics and Mechatronics, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.

Further Information
Wright, C. P., Applied Measurement Engineering, How to Design Effective Mechanical Measurement Systems,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995.
Herceg, E. E., Handbook of Measurement and Control, Pennsauken, NJ: Schavitz Engineering, 1972.
Considine, D. M., Encyclopedia of Instrumentation and Control, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971.
Norton, H. N., Sensor and Analyzer Handbook, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982.
Sze, S. M., Semiconductor Sensors, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994
Lindberg, B., and Lindstrom, B., Measurements of the segmentation frequency in the chip formation
process, Ann. CIRP, 32(1), 1983.
Tlusty, J., and Andrews, G. C., A critical review of sensors for unmanned machinning, Ann. CIRP, 32(2),
1983.

19.4 Torque and Power Measurement

Ivan J. Garshelis

Torque, speed, and power are the defining mechanical variables associated with the functional perfor-
mance of rotating machinery. The ability to accurately measure these quantities is essential for deter-
mining a machine’s efficiency and for establishing operating regimes that are both safe and conducive
to long and reliable services. Online measurements of these quantities enable real-time control, help
ensure consistency in product quality, and can provide early indications of impending problems.
Torque and power measurements are used in testing advanced designs of new machines and in the
development of new machine components. Torque measurements also provide a well-established basis
for controlling and verifying the tightness of many types of threaded fasteners. This chapter describes
the basic concepts as well as the various methods and apparati in current use for the measurement
of torque and power; the measurement of speed, or more precisely, angular velocity, is discussed
elsewhere [1].

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