Page 226 - Troubleshooting Analog Circuits

Index 213

loop, analog. 43,55,92-93,99-100, non-standard pins for offset voltage built into PC board. 103
107-1 I I, 116-1 17, 139. 141. trim-pot, 188-190 confirm on actual circuit, 103
184.205 nonlinearity, 29. 34.67, 89-90. 122. formulae for, 102-103
loop. digital, 55, 141 128, 131. 148-149. 1.56 generally advisable. 102-103
loop. ground. See ground loop value changes from breadboard
Loop. John D.. 170-171 offset voltage. See under operational to PC board. 103
LP365, I16 amplifier gain error, 89-9 I, 93
LPC66OL.PC662.8 I. 190 op amps. See operational amplifier noise, 81, 103-104. 107
ohmmeter. See under digital voltmeter offset voltage mm. 90. 153.
macromodels, 98, 205,207. See also or analog voltmeter 188-189
computer modelling Onion Syndrome. 8 vs. bias current errors. 90.91
Magliozzi. Tom & Ray, 10 operational amplifier. 12,30, 89-108, oscillations, 89.99-105. I55
magnifying glass. 24.51 116-1 17. 120, 124. 128, 155. output impedance. 98-100
manufacturing, I, 3,8-9.70 173,174, 182-183.188-190, passive components, 89
marginal circuits. 73,8687.93, 110. 205 power supply bypass capacitors.
118, 138. 143. 168 bias current, 79-8 I. 90.96 100. See also under capacitors
McCammon. Roy, 155-159 correlates with input resistance. 96 for power supply bypasses
McKenna’s Law, 60 CMOS.53.81.96, 120 step response, 89,98-104
MDACs. See under digital-to-analog CMRR, 19,9&96,92,93,95, 114. “typicals,” 96.98. 10.1-105.
converters 182 199-200
mechanics. aircraft, I2 measuring, how to: 9&96,95 VOs vs. temperature gradients. 9X.
metastability. See digital ICs measuring. how not to: 91-94.92, I05
meters. analog. See analog meters 93 thermocouples. 98
meters, digital. See digital voltmeters nonlinearity of, 91,93.95. 156 OP-07.89-90
meters. capacitance. See capacitance gain. 117,205 opto-isolators (photo-couplers I. 73-73.
meters nonlinearity of, 89 110. 13CL131
meters. grid dip. See grid dip meter gain equation versus frequency. 98, 4N28.73,73, 196
meters. temperature. See temperature popular misconceptions, 98,205 biassing for 50 kHz operation. 73
meter (thermometer) input capacitance. 97.97 gain and variations, 73, I10
microprocessor RESET, 109. 140-141. common mode, 97,97 interrupters, 74
155 differential mode, 97.97 isolated switching regulator using
Milligan‘s Law, 5 measurement circuits, 97.97 opto-isolator. 73. I 10
mistakes, repeats of, 74.26, 136. 144 input resistance. See under bias response and variations. 73, I IO
MJ377 1,85 currents V,,,, 66. 74, 196. 197
MM74C74. 124 macromodels, 98,205 Oscillations. 108-1 14.114, I161 19.
MM74C86, 123, 187 noise gain, definition of, 100 136, 155. 168. 176180. 194.
MM74CH00.8 1 uses of noise gain to improve 195. See also under analog
Mt. Everest, xi. 54 stability, 94-95, 100-101. buffers, comparators. opera-
mu-metal shielding, 38 101.102, I17 tional amplifiers, transistors.
multiplexers (MUX). 132-133 offset voltage, 21,30.90-91,97. 105. low-frequency oscillations. 112
tolerance of loss and power. 133 128. 153, 155. 174. 188 ”60 Hz oscillations.’‘ 110-1 I
Murphy’s Law. 2.6-7. 12.72, 108 trim of offset voltage. 153. moderate frequency oscillations. 108
188-189.189 multi-megahertz oscillations, 21. 88.
National Public Radio, 10 output impedance, 98 108-109.109, 116. 168
National Semiconductor Corp., vii, I. 7, resistance. 98, 100 Pease’s Principle, 99. 118. 137
77.88.91. 102-103, 107. capacitance, 100 beware of bad ringing vs. oscilla-
I161 15. 142, 157, 193 inductance, 100 tion nearby. 99. I18
Neale, Reginald W., 166167 tolerance of capacitive load, 100. power-supply bypasses-as needed.
network analyzer. 109 101.101 100. See under capacitors for
New England Journal of Medicine, I 1-11 slew rate, 18. 100. 116. 175. 206 power supply bypassing
“No Trouble Found.” “NTF.” 9 tempco of Vas, 90 oscillator. low-distortion. 112
Noise Gain. See under operational nonlinearity of, 90 oscilloscopes, 2-3.6, 8, 11-15. 19. 22.
amplifiers virtual ground, 97 25,91-94.99. 106. 109.114,
noise. IS. 17-18.22-23.25, 39.43. operational amplifiers, problems 123, 130. 136, 150. 168.
4748.53.5657,63,71.79. with: 176-178. 180-184,205
89.94. 103-105. 107, capacitive loads. 99-100.101,102. analog storage, 15. I I I. 113. I33
109-1 13. 126130. 135. I55 broad-band, 14.22. 123
137-138, 142, 145, 148. 150, damping for unity-gain follower floating, 25.91
155-156. 158-159. 162. (LMI IO/LM310), 101.102 digital storage (DSO). 15. 133. 150
191-193. 198,207 driving cables, 100. 102. 101, dual-trace. 14
l/Fnoise. 104 102, 155 p-p automatic triggering. 14
broad-band noise, 104. 112-1 13 how to accommodate cap storage. See under analog storage or
current noise, 105 loads-decoupling, 100,101 digital storage
line frequency. I 10-1 I I Noise-gain damping. 94-95. oxide, 6
noise testing. 103 100-101. 107
popcorn noise. 104 CMRR curve is same as Bode plot. p-p automatic triggering. See under
voltage noise, 79,8 I 91-93 oscilloscopes
high-frequency, 109, 126129 feedback capacitor needed, 101, paperwork, 8. 126. 130. 139
non-standard pins for digital ICs. 187 102- IO3 Paralysis by Analysis. 6