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Paricutín in Mexico, with several cones and craters,

extensive blocky to aa lava flows. steep scoria (cinder) slopes, airfall ash deposits and Exposure of volcanic necks (Le Puy-en-Velay in France), dykes (Ship Rock, New Mexico), dyke swarms (Iceland) and sills (the Whin Sill of Northern Lava flows of Hawai‘i, lava deltas of Taveuni Island in Fiji, flood basalts of the Deccan Traps of India. Plateaus, waterfalls, columnar jointing of the Newer Volcanic Province of South-eastern Australia.

Examples England).

Landforms and morphogenesis volcanic cones, shields, domes and spines • central, fissure or areal in extent • with or without craters and calderas • large to small in height, and in crater diameter and depth • single or multiple landforms; nested or parasitic • characterised by their shape and slope angle • erosion by water, wind and ice • mass movement including landslides, and mudflows (lahars) • development of radial drainage, and perhaps parasol ribbing and planezes • wind erosion forming yardangs • original flow surfaces in

Table 20.2 Four types of volcanic landforms

Types of landforms Constructional volcanic landforms Original constructional volcanic landforms affected by subsequent erosion Lava flows Ash falls and ash flows Source: Joyce, 2009

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