Page 18 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

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8.9 Occupational Health and Safety Concerns During Composting ........................................234
8.9.1 Bioaerosols ..............................................................................................................234
8.9.2 Potentially Toxic Chemicals....................................................................................235
8.10 Facility Siting......................................................................................................................235
8.10.1 Topography............................................................................................................235
8.10.2 Land Area Requirements.......................................................................................236
8.10.3 Other Factors Affecting Siting Decisions..............................................................236
8.11 Design..................................................................................................................................236
8.11.1 Preprocessing Area................................................................................................237
8.11.2 Processing Area .....................................................................................................237
8.11.3 Buffer Zone ...........................................................................................................237
8.11.4 Site Facilities and Security....................................................................................237
8.12 MSW Composting by Anaerobic Processes .......................................................................238
8.12.1 Process Description ...............................................................................................239
8.12.2 Subsystems ...........................................................................................................239
References ......................................................................................................................................241
Suggested Readings .......................................................................................................................243
Questions........................................................................................................................................243
Excel Exercise................................................................................................................................245

Chapter 9
Incineration of MSW.....................................................................................................................247
9.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................247
9.2 Combustion Concepts ...........................................................................................................248
9.3 The Mass-Burn Incinerator ...................................................................................................250
9.4 Environmental Considerations of Mass Burn .......................................................................254
9.4.1 Fuel Quality...............................................................................................................254
9.4.2 Resource Recovery....................................................................................................254
9.4.3 Air Quality.................................................................................................................254
9.4.4 Particulates.................................................................................................................255
9.4.5 Acid Gases ................................................................................................................256
9.4.6 Trace Gases ...............................................................................................................257
9.4.7 Toxic Metals ..............................................................................................................261
9.4.8 Aesthetics ..................................................................................................................262
9.5 Air Pollution Control ............................................................................................................263
9.5.1 The Electrostatic Precipitator....................................................................................263
9.5.2 Fabric Filters (Baghouses).........................................................................................265
9.5.3 Gas Washing..............................................................................................................267
9.6 Ash Quality from Mass Burn................................................................................................270
9.6.1 Metals ........................................................................................................................270
9.6.2 Health Effects of Metals in Incinerator Ash..............................................................272
9.6.3 Leachability of Metals in Incinerator Ash.................................................................273
9.6.4 Ash Management.......................................................................................................273
9.7 MSW Incineration in the United States: The Future ............................................................274
9.8 Refuse-Derived Fuel ............................................................................................................275
9.8.1 Overview of RDF Preparation...................................................................................275
9.8.2 Grades of RDF ..........................................................................................................276
9.8.3 Properties of RDF......................................................................................................276
9.8.4 Utilization of RDF: Practical Issues..........................................................................278
9.8.5 Gaseous Emissions and Corrosion Issues .................................................................279
9.8.6 Properties of RDF Ash ..............................................................................................281